Institutional Determinants for Representation of Indigent Defendants: Evidence from Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-295
Author(s):  
Anton Kazun
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
Criminal Defense ◽  
Pro Bono ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

Abstract Little is known about the motives of lawyers who provide free legal assistance in countries that lack both a developed professional community and developed institutions related to the rule of law. Based on a survey of 3,317 criminal defense lawyers (advokaty) in 35 regions of Russia, we analyze the provision of two types of free legal services: participation in legal proceedings “on appointment” (po naznacheniyu) and the provision of pro bono legal assistance. We show that work on appointment usually involves lawyers with low social capital and a lack of regular clients. In contrast, pro bono legal assistance is encouraged by lawyers’ organizations. It is typically provided by professionals with a high level of social capital and with values aimed at maintaining an excellent professional reputation. We conclude that the provision of free legal services might best be stimulated within the professional community rather than by the government.

scholarly journals PENYULUHAN HUKUM TENTANG BANTUAN HUKUM DI DESA KEDUNGARUM, KABUPATEN KUNINGAN, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwari Akhmaddhian ◽  
Haris Budiman ◽  
Yunusrul Zen
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Know How ◽  
The People ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Every citizen has the right in law and justice, therefore the government makes Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid to protect its citizens in the event of a catastrophe. The aim of devotion to this community is to emphasize the people or the villagers, as well as other goals aimed at providing this counseling that parents can add information related to the process of handling criminal acts and how to follow up in the event of a criminal offense. The method used is by way of talk and discussion then terminated with question and answer. The results obtained from the devotion to this community are the more sensitive and know how criminal and legal proceedings and the response to legal issues, especially those related to the criminal act of the present crime, are expected with the devotion to this society parents can become work in keeping his family from various possibilities related to crime and legal assistance.�AbstrakSetiap warga negara mempunyai hak dalam hukum dan keadilan, oleh kerana itu pemerintah membuat Undang-Undang nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum untuk melindungi warganya dalam hal terjadi musibah yang menimpa masyarakat. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini lebih menitik beratkan kepada orang-orang atau warga desa, adapun sasaran lain yang menjadi tujuan dari diadakannnya penyuluhan ini yaitu para orang tua yang mana dapat menambah informasi terkait dengan proses penanganan tindak pidana dan bagaimana menindaklanjuti apabila terjadi tindak pidana. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan cara ceramah dan diskusi kemudian diakhiri dengan tanya jawab. Hasil yang diperoleh dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini yaitu masyarakat lebih peka dan mengetahui bagaimana proses tindak pidana dan bantuan hokum serta respon terhadap permasalahan hukum khususnya yang berkaitan dengan berbagai acaman tindak pidana pada sekarang ini, diharapkan dengan adanya pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini para orang tua dapat menjadi bekal dalam menjaga keluarganya dari berbagai kemungkinan yang terkait dengan tindak pidana dan bantuan hukum.�

9. Funding Access to the English Legal System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Thomas ◽  
Claire McGourlay
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Private Funding ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
System P ◽  
Pro Bono ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. This chapter addresses funding access to the English legal system. Funding legal services may be provided publicly or privately. Public funding relates to funding available from the state, whereas private funding specifically refers to the assets and monetary resources available to that specific individual. Only certain individuals are entitled to benefit from public funding, whilst all persons can, in theory, privately fund legal services. Moreover, legal aid — meaning state-funded assistance in legal matters — is available in both criminal and civil cases but is restricted to narrow circumstances and types of cases. The availability of legal aid depends on several tests set by the government. Where legal aid is not available and the individual cannot privately fund their case, pro bono institutions may be available to provide advice.

scholarly journals Nobody can Really Afford Legal Services: The Price of Justice in Namibia

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Dunia Zongwe
Keyword(s):  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prohibitive Cost ◽  
Economic Nature ◽  
Flow Of Information

Nobody (except for the privileged few) can afford legal services in Namibia. In the light of this dawning awareness, how should the government and other stakeholders design the legal profession so that the greatest number of Namibians can access legal services and, ultimately, justice while preserving the profession's financial viability? The predominantly economic nature of this question means that its solutions lie less in the field of law than in the field of economics. Thus, this article adopts a methodology that reflects that insight. As a primary purpose, this article works towards solving the high cost of legal services in Namibia. It utilises a literature-review methodology that searches the scholarship on the legal profession for practical, down-to-earth solutions put forward in other countries to take the edge off the prohibitive cost of legal services. The article mainly finds that, if structured as a compulsory salary deduction, legal insurance promises the greatest positive impact on costs. And it concludes that the optimal solutions should consist of measures aimed at heightening competition in the legal profession and measures that broaden cost-sharing in providing legal assistance to the public. The article argues that competition can be effectively increased by lubricating the flow of information about prices and services, and by having more public entities bear the burden of expanding the system of legal assistance.

scholarly journals PENYULUHAN HUKUM TENTANG BANTUAN HUKUM DI DESA CIPEDES, KABUPATEN KUNINGAN, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diding Rahmat ◽  
Dikha Anugrah
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Know How ◽  
The People ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Setiap warga negara mempunyai hak dalam hukum dan keadilan, oleh kerana itu pemerintah membuat Undang-Undang nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum untuk melindungi warganya dalam hal terjadi musibah yang menimpa masyarakat. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini lebih menitik beratkan kepada orang-orang atau warga desa, adapun sasaran lain yang menjadi tujuan dari diadakannnya penyuluhan ini yaitu para orang tua yang mana dapat menambah informasi terkait dengan proses penanganan tindak pidana dan bagaimana menindaklanjuti apabila terjadi tindak pidana. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan cara ceramah dan diskusi kemudian diakhiri dengan tanya jawab. Hasil yang diperoleh dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini yaitu masyarakat lebih peka dan mengetahui bagaimana proses tindak pidana dan bantuan hokum serta respon terhadap permasalahan hukum khususnya yang berkaitan dengan berbagai acaman tindak pidana pada sekarang ini, diharapkan dengan adanya pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini para orang tua dapat menjadi bekal dalam menjaga keluarganya dari berbagai kemungkinan yang terkait dengan tindak pidana dan bantuan hukum.Every citizen has the right in law and justice, therefore the government makes Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid to protect its citizens in the event of a catastrophe. The aim of devotion to this community is to emphasize the people or the villagers, as well as other goals aimed at providing this counseling that parents can add information related to the process of handling criminal acts and how to follow up in the event of a criminal offense. The method used is by way of talk and discussion then terminated with question and answer. The results obtained from the devotion to this community are the more sensitive and know how criminal and legal proceedings and the response to legal issues, especially those related to the criminal act of the present crime, are expected with the devotion to this society parents can become work in keeping his family from various possibilities related to crime and legal assistance.

9. Funding Access to the English Legal System

2020 ◽  
pp. 254-266
Author(s):  
Mark Thomas ◽  
Claire McGourlay
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Private Funding ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
System P ◽  
Pro Bono ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. This chapter addresses funding access to the English legal system. Funding legal services may be provided publicly or privately. Public funding relates to funding available from the state, whereas private funding specifically refers to the assets and monetary resources available to that specific individual. Only certain individuals are entitled to benefit from public funding, whilst all persons can, in theory, privately fund legal services. Moreover, legal aid—meaning state-funded assistance in legal matters—is available in both criminal and civil cases but is restricted to narrow circumstances and types of cases. The availability of legal aid depends on several tests set by the government. Where legal aid is not available and the individual cannot privately fund their case, pro bono institutions may be available to provide advice.

YOUTH POLICY IN MODERN RUSSIA. ABSENTEEISM AND POLITICAL PROTEST

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.I. AVTSINOVA ◽  
М.А. BURDA
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Youth Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Russian Politics ◽  
High Level

The article analyzes the features of the current youth policy of the Russian Federation aimed at raising the political culture. Despite the current activities of the government institutions in the field under study, absenteeism, as well as the protest potential of the young people, remains at a fairly high level. In this regard, the government acknowledged the importance of forming a positive image of the state power in the eyes of young people and strengthen its influence in the sphere of forming loyal associations, which is not always positively perceived among the youth. The work focuses on the fact that raising the loyalty of youth organizations is one of the factors of political stability, both in case of internal turbulence and external influence. The authors also focus on the beneficiaries of youth protests. The authors paid special attention to the issue of forming political leadership among the youth and the absence of leaders expressing the opinions of young people in modern Russian politics. At the same time, youth protest as a social phenomenon lack class and in some cases ideological differences. The authors come to the conclusion that despite the steps taken by the government and political parties to involve Russian youth in the political agenda, the young people reject leaders of youth opinion imposed by the authorities, either cultivating nonparticipation in the electoral campagines or demonstrating latent protest voting.

scholarly journals Knowledge Network for Sustainable Local Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1124
Author(s):  
Freddy Marín-González ◽  
Alexa Senior-Naveda ◽  
Mercy Narváez Castro ◽  
Alicia Inciarte González ◽  
Ana Judith Paredes Chacín
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Knowledge Networks ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Deductive Inference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exchange Network ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to build a network for the exchange of knowledge between the government and production, community and university sectors for sustainable local development. To achieve this, the authors relied on the concepts of sustainable local development, social capital, the relationship between sectors or intersectorality, networks and interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary knowledge. Regarding the methodology, the abductive method was used. Under a documentary design, the research techniques were a content analysis of theoretical documents and the deductive inference technique. The construction of a knowledge exchange network for sustainable local development stands out as the result. It is concluded that knowledge networks for sustainable local development have positive implications in the establishment of alliances and links between the sectors that make up society.

scholarly journals Reconciliation of anti-money laundering instruments and European data protection requirements in permissionless blockchain spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Karasek-Wojciechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

AbstractThis article is an attempt to reconcile the requirements of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and anti-money laundering and combat terrorist financing (AML/CFT) instruments used in permissionless ecosystems based on distributed ledger technology (DLT). Usually, analysis is focused only on one of these regulations. Covering by this research the interplay between both regulations reveals their incoherencies in relation to permissionless DLT. The GDPR requirements force permissionless blockchain communities to use anonymization or, at the very least, strong pseudonymization technologies to ensure compliance of data processing with the GDPR. At the same time, instruments of global AML/CFT policy that are presently being implemented in many countries following the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force, counteract the anonymity-enhanced technologies built into blockchain protocols. Solutions suggested in this article aim to induce the shaping of permissionless DLT-based networks in ways that at the same time would secure the protection of personal data according to the GDPR rules, while also addressing the money laundering and terrorist financing risks created by transactions in anonymous blockchain spaces or those with strong pseudonyms. Searching for new policy instruments is necessary to ensure that governments do not combat the development of all privacy-blockchains so as to enable a high level of privacy protection and GDPR-compliant data processing. This article indicates two AML/CFT tools which may be helpful for shaping privacy-blockchains that can enable the feasibility of such tools. The first tool is exceptional government access to transactional data written on non-transparent ledgers, obfuscated by advanced anonymization cryptography. The tool should be optional for networks as long as another effective AML/CFT measures are accessible for the intermediaries or for the government in relation to a given network. If these other measures are not available and the network does not grant exceptional access, the regulations should allow governments to combat the development of those networks. Effective tools in that scope should target the value of privacy-cryptocurrency, not its users. Such tools could include, as a tool of last resort, state attacks which would undermine the trust of the community in a specific network.

scholarly journals Changing the rules of the game: some necessary legal reforms to United Kingdom intelligence

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN LEIGH
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rules Of The Game

AbstractThis article argues that there is a need to modernise the law governing accountability of the UK security and intelligence agencies following changes in their work in the last decade. Since 9/11 the agencies have come increasingly into the spotlight, especially because of the adoption of controversial counter-terrorism policies by the government (in particular forms of executive detention) and by its international partners, notably the US. The article discusses the options for reform in three specific areas: the use in legal proceedings of evidence obtained by interception of communications; with regard to the increased importance and scle of collaboration with overseas agencies; and to safeguard the political independence of the agencies in the light of their substantially higher public profile. In each it is argued that protection of human rights and the need for public accountability requires a new balance to be struck with the imperatives of national security.

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