Arctic Security – Global Dimensions and Challenges, and National Policy Responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassi Heininen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
International System ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The People ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Arctic Security

Abstract Stability and decrease of military tension are relevant in the new Northern order which replaced the confrontation of the Cold War period. This was a conscious choice by the Arctic states. In the international system with constant regional wars and the fight against terrorism this is an achievement – it would be possible to have another kind of order. In the 2010s this order is in a test, when the Arctic and its natural resources, as well as options to them, have become a target of growing global interest. The ongoing multifunctional change and geopolitical shift from a periphery into global has also meant changes in Arctic security environment and governance: Stability is not threatened by the military presence and the deployed nuclear weapon systems but more by rapid climate change and its environmental and socio-economic impacts. Everyday security of the people is threatened. Energy security has become a new discourse of Northern security. The strategic position of the region’s natural resources may create new tension, and economic and political competition. Followed from this, and concentrating on Arctic security, there are new dimensions and challenges, which require new and more global political responses. This article opens with a brief, theoretical discussion on how security is (re)defined, and how different security concepts are implemented. Second, it describes and defines a state of Arctic security by using three methods. Finally, the article studies and discusses national strategies and policies of the Arctic states regarding how they (re)define security and respond to the global and regional security challenges.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMIC SPACE OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
E. A. KORCHAK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Dominant Direction ◽  
Integrated Structures

The purpose of the study was to analyze the structure of the economic space of the Russian Arctic within the framework of determining the prospects for the economic development of the Arctic regions. The unevenness of the economic space of the Russian Arctic and the focus on the extraction and export of natural resources are determined. It is revealed that vertically integrated structures play a key role in the Russian Arctic. It is determined that the specific feature of this region is the ethnoeconomics, the long-term development of which is the dominant direction of the national policy in the field of agriculture of the Russian Arctic.

Looking North of Vienna: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe as a Facilitator of Arctic Security

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 350-373
Author(s):  
Paul André Narvestad
Keyword(s):  
International Organization ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Arctic Security ◽  
Military Activity

Though the Arctic is known as a region of peace, military activity and militarization continue to influence it. The literature on Arctic security asserts that no international organization exists that can deal with military issues in the region. This article challenges this assertion by arguing that the osce is the perfect organization to coordinate Arctic security because of its initial purpose of facilitating nato-Russia relations in Europe, which is precisely the same relationship that requires coordination in the Arctic today. Given that all eight Arctic states are members, the osce is almost a pre-existing security organization for the Arctic. The article examines the security environment in the Arctic, the current institutional regime and the origins of the osce. Furthermore, it explores osce csbms as empirical examples of how the osce already builds military predictability in the Arctic.

The Socialization of China’s Assertiveness: Examining Waltz’s Neorealist Mechanism of “Socialization” in China’s Regional Security Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (04) ◽  
pp. 1940009
Author(s):  
WILLIAM NORRIS
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Taiwan Strait Crisis ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
Theoretical Mechanism

This is a study of learning and socialization in China’s foreign security policy, examining how China has at times been more assertive and in other instances has taken a more accommodating approach in its foreign security policy behavior. This paper argues that China has been “socialized” by its international security environment by exploring Kenneth Waltz’s theoretical mechanism of the “socialization” of states in the international system. The 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis and the early 2000s, the Senkaku/Diaoyutai crises from 2012 to 2015, and the South China Sea in the mid-1990s are all instances in which China has employed force only to suffer strategically. This has eventually led to a less confrontational posture and contributed to the pursuit of a more cooperative engagement strategy with both Southeast Asia (from 1998 to 2008) and Taiwan ([Formula: see text]2006–2016). Variations in China’s assertiveness can be explained by the combination of domestic politics and signals from China’s international security environment.

scholarly journals Norwway’s Arctic security policy: agenda of 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Andrei Andreevich Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Arctic Security ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Arctic Region

The goal of this article consists in comprehensive analysis of the domestic and foreign security policy of Norway in the regions of Norwegian Arctic and Northern Norway. This work explores the geographical peculiarities and economy of the regions; questions of international cooperation, impacting the domestic policy as a whole and Arctic policy in particular; Norway’s military interests and military presence of NATO and the United States in the region of Norwegian Arctic. Attention is given to the relations between Norway and Russia, since they influence the overall balance between countries in the Arctic region. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Arctic region is strategically important for Norway from the perspectives of both, domestic and foreign policy. Norway plans to pay attention to respect nation’s sovereignty, which is necessary for successful development of the region, its economy, security, and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Norway’s Arctic policy is closely tied to relations with Russia and NATO member-states, and its further development on this vector can play a positive role for the entire global community. Carrying out dual policy with regards to Russia, Norway welcomes the strengthening of military presence of the NATO countries in the region.                                                          

The Quest for Security in India-ASEAN Relations

2016 ◽  
pp. 326-348
Author(s):  
Nazariah Osman ◽  
Debendra Mahalik
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Cooperative Security ◽  
Asian Security ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Security Relations

The international system becomes conscious of striving for a new security structure in the world, moving away from archaic Cold War paradigms. The modern states are engaged in a process of dialogue and discussion with their friends and partners to help shape a new security environment free of confrontation and strain. India's security cooperation with Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) can also include this theme. The nature of the global village has made it necessary to tackle even non-military issues of security in a comprehensive manner in general and those of the region of South and Southeast Asia in particular. India-ASEAN convergence of security interest is not only of great strategic importance for the Southeast Asian region but also for Asian security as a whole. This chapter attempts to view ASEAN-Indian security relations from the perspective of India's ‘Look East Policy' and ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) for regional peace and stability. The present chapter outlines three looming aspects which shaped the outlook for India-ASEAN current security relations: a) complex geo-strategic and security interdependence in the case of conventional security; b) securitisation of non-conventional security threats through institutional mechanisms; c) cooperative security imperative for ‘Greater Asian' security through multilateral engagement. By highlighting current security challenges, this chapter also attempts to look at the possible policy approaches that India and ASEAN may have to adopt so that their security cooperation is not merely sustained but also evolves further into a credible pillar of regional security engagement within the Asian setting.

Жапониянын уюлдар саясаты

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Ишчи Арманбек
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
The Arctic Region

Аннотация. Акыркы жылдардын ичинде Түндүк жана Түштүк уюлдардын мааниси эл аралык аренада жогорулашында күмөн жок. Жапония да Түндүк Уюлдун тарабына көңүлүн буруп, натыйжада бул региондо өлкөнүн кызыкчылыктарына ылайык келген улуттук саясат иштелип чыкканы таң калтырбайт. Арктика кеңешинин мамлекеттери менен кызматташууну өнүктүрүп, 2013-жылдан тартып Жапония Арктика аймагында негизги акторлордун бири болуп саналат. Макалада Жапониянын Түндүк уюлга карата саясаты каралат, бул аймактын табигый байлыктарын, өзгөчө энергия ресурстарын колдонуу боюнча эл аралык документтер көрсөтүлөт. Түйүндүү сөздөр: Жапония, Түндүк уюл, Арктика кеңеши, улуттук саясат, энергия ресурстары, мөңгүлөр. Аннотация. Нет никакого сомнения в том, что за последние годы возросла значимость Северного и Южного полюсов на международной арене. Неудивительно, что и Япония обратила свой взор в сторону Северного Полюса, в результате чего была выработана национальная политика, которая соответствует интересам страны в данном регионе. Развивая сотрудничество с государствами Ар- ктического совета, Япония с 2013 года считается одним из основных актёров в арктическом регионе. В статье рассматривается политика Японии в отношении Северного полюса, приводятся международные документы относительно пользования природными богатствами данного региона, в особенности энергоресурсами. Ключевые слова: Япония, Северный полюс, Арктический совет, национальная политика, энергоресурсы, ледники. Abstract. There is no doubt that in recent years the importance of the North and South Poles has increased in the international arena. It is not surprising that Japan turned its eyes towards the North Pole, as a result of which a national policy was devel- oped which corresponds to the interests of the country in the region. Developing coop- eration with the states of the Arctic Council, Japan since 2013 is considered one of the main actors in the Arctic region. The article discusses the policy of Japan in relation to the North Pole, provides international documents on the use of the natural resources of the region, especially energy. Keywords: Japan, the North Pole, the Arctic Council, national policy, energy, gla- ciers

scholarly journals Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic: What Role for the EU?

European View ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Østhagen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
North Pole ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Arctic Security ◽  
The Eu

The Arctic has received considerable attention over the last decade due to climate change, positive resource appraisals and the increased military presence in the region. Portrayals range from those that warn of impending conflicts to those that emphasise the region's unique cooperative environment. To what extent are the generalisations about Arctic security and geopolitics accurate? What fuels these generalisations? Moreover, what is the role of the EU in this changing geopolitical environment? This article examines the causes of conflict in the Arctic and argues that the disputes over territory, resources and the North Pole are limited in magnitude. At the same time, the security dynamics within the Arctic are relevant, given each state's relations to Russia. The EU's role, however, is less a geopolitical one and more concerned with two dimensions, namely awareness and support. For EU policymakers and decision-makers, understanding the complexities of the north should take priority over re-inventing the Union's role in the region.

Industrial development in Greenland

Polar Record ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 13 (84) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans C. Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
General Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Economic Well Being

For nearly two centuries Den Kongelige Grønlandske Handel (Royal Greenland Trade Department, or RGTD) has been responsible not only for transportation and supply in Greenland but also for the general development of production and of natural resources there. Before 1774, various private and chartered companies had been organized to supply Greenland and develop its natural resources, but they all failed because of the difficulties of operating in the Arctic. It then became evident that development of these regions would seldom, if ever, be profitable. It was also felt, however, that the economic well-being of the people could not be neglected, and consequently RGTD was established and vested with the responsibility of developing the country. This principle has remained unchanged throughout the years although Greenland has since achieved full and equal rights as a province of Denmark.

Securitization of the Arctic

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
Sukalpa Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
Prime Objective ◽  
Structuralist Framework ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

The geopolitical importance of the Arctic is intensifying with the economic and strategic opportunities being unraveled in the wake of the impact of climate change. The chapter analyses the actors and the factors affecting the current security relations in the region and recommends the creation of a regional security architecture (RSA) to deal with the emerging conflict potential of the Arctic. Through the establishment of an effective RSA for the Arctic, the prime objective of building a security environment that protects the region and promotes sustainable economic growth will be achieved. The chapter has been conceptualized under the broad theme of security studies while drawing specifically from the constructivist-structuralist framework of the regional security complex theory (RSCT).

scholarly journals Security in the perception of Iraq and Saudi Arabia: an analytical vision

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qays Abed Bakheet
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Political Differences

The procedural control of the concept of security represents one of the cognitive and methodological approaches to the formulation and construction of a theoretical and practical framework in the field of security studies, which derives its dynamism from several pillars and the most prominent levels. A subject related to the field of regional and international relations, and related to the methodological interventions imposed by the movement of the refutation of the process of theorization in regional and international relations. Therefore, it is possible to build the proper theoretical accumulation of the security phenomenon by addressing the existing interferences between international relations, security studies and the regional and international security environment. The location of the geo-strategic of Iraq is a continental or semi-continental country whose policies and decisions are influenced by the nature of its relations with each neighboring country. Iraq's common borders with six different countries (Turkey, Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Jordan) A stable and stable foreign policy report to deal with these countries for several considerations is reflected in the following points. A. Given the size of ideological crossroads and political differences B. The divergence of strategic interests even with the change of regimes in Iraq from 1921 to the present Saudi Arabia's view of regional security stems from the fact that regional security can only be achieved if every country has sufficient internal security and stability. The vision of the Saudi decision-maker for security has been affected by the intense US military presence of land, sea and air bases. And that the Saudi security strategy is an integral part of the national security strategy of the Gulf Cooperation Council states and that all Gulf countries have kept the privacy of their security strategy? The components of the Saudi security strategy were limited to achieving specific objectives, including strengthening security and border protection, and confronting regional challenges and risks such as nuclear dangers, regional conflicts and disasters, identifying and responding to sources of danger and combating terrorism and extremism?

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