The EU’s “Global Europe” Strategy and the Liberalization of Trade in Legal Services: The Impact of the EU Free Trade Agreements in Asia

2013 ◽  
pp. 727-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Muller
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
The Eu

The past two decades have witnessed remarkable developments in terms of the globalization of the world’s economies. As a result the legal services, which form a vital part of the infrastructure that underpins world commerce, have experienced continuous growth over the last ten years. However, foreign lawyers face restrictions in many jurisdictions. In most instances trade agreements are used to negotiate the removal of these limitations. Until recently to the exception of the EU and the NAFTA, the liberalization of trade in services took place within the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The last decade has seen a proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), which contain such liberalizations. Since 2006 the EU has been negotiating PTAs with strategic trade partners. This paper aims to analyze the consequences of the PTAs that the EU has been negotiating with five Asian countries on the liberalization of trade in legal services in light of the EU’s new trade strategy and the GATS.

Alternative may emerge to full Turkish accession to EU

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
The Eu

Significance Erdogan has not softened his line towards the EU, but there has been some vacillation in the EU's approach. While EU signals on Turkey have been becoming sharper, at the informal April 28-29 foreign ministers' meeting in Malta attended by ministers from the candidate countries, the Union stepped back from a confrontation with Turkey. Impacts The lira could weaken again despite its recovery in early 2017. The business climate will be very subdued, with medium-term investment becoming more unstable. Turkey will seek trade agreements with Asian countries such as India to try to reduce the EU's role in its economy. Middle Eastern investment will continue to be welcome in Turkey, while conditions for EU investors could worsen.

Greece will rely more on gas as transition fuel

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
Domestic Energy ◽  
The Eu

Significance Over the past few months, the new Greek government under the leadership of Kyriakos Mitsotakis has demonstrated both its commitment to reforming the domestic energy market and its ability to engage regional partners in a dialogue on cooperation in energy policy. Its ambitious plan to transform Greece into a regional natural gas hub got off to a good start in 2020 with the signing of the landmark international Eastern Mediterranean (EastMed) pipeline agreement on January 3. Impacts If the economy recovers as expected, particularly industry, it should boost domestic demand for gas. In the short term, Greek reliance on Russian gas imports is expected to remain high. Rising volumes of US LNG imports will appease the United States, a strategic trade and military partner of the EU. Greece will strive to position itself as prominent LNG bunkering location in the Eastern Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Biosimilars in Developed and Developing East and Southeast Asian Countries: Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia—Overview, Evolution, and Regulations Assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Gabriel Bas ◽  
Carolina Oliu Castillo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Generic Version ◽  
Marketing Approval ◽  
Therapeutic Equivalence ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines

The development of biological products has experienced continuous growth over the past three decades. The expiration of patent protection for many biological medicines has led to the development of biosimilars in many countries around the world. This paper reviews the literature on biosimilar drugs and covers their therapeutic status, clinical trials, approved biosimilars, and regulatory guidelines in Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. The literature suggests that biosimilars are comparable but not identical to the reference product. They are not a generic version of an innovative product and do not ensure therapeutic equivalence. Biosimilars present more challenges than conventional generics and their marketing approval is also much more complicated. Guidelines for biosimilars were published in Japan in July 2009 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), in South Korea in March 2009 by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), and in Malaysia in July 2008 by the National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB).

scholarly journals Brands in Motion: How Frictions Shape Multinational Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 3073-3124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Head ◽  
Thierry Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Multinational Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Following the 2016 Leave vote in the referendum on UK membership in the EU and the election of Donald Trump, trade agreements have entered a period of great instability. To predict the impact of possible disruptions to existing arrangements requires counterfactual analysis that takes into account the complex set of factors influencing the production and marketing strategies of multinational corporations. We estimate a model of multinational decision-making in the car industry. This model predicts the production reallocation and consumer surplus consequences of changes in tariffs and non-tariff barriers induced by US-led protectionism, Brexit, transpacific, and transatlantic integration agreements. (JEL F13, F23, L21, L62, M31)

scholarly journals Addressing Domestic Regulation Affecting Trade in Services in CETA, CPTPP, and USMCA: Revolution or Timid Steps?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ortino ◽  
Emily Lydgate
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Domestic Regulation ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The number of international agreements purporting to liberalise trade, mainly focused on reducing protectionist measures through the imposition of general principles, has increased greatly over the last 25 years. More recently, the United States and the European Union (EU) concluded comprehensive agreements covering trade in goods, trade in services, and foreign investment. This article inquires whether, and the extent to which, such agreements represent a departure from previous practice. It focuses on (a) the instruments employed to address domestic regulation affecting trade in services and (b) three specific agreements concluded between 2016 and 2018: the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. While these recent Preferential Trade Agreements put forward novel approaches to regulatory diversity affecting trade in services, it is too early to ascertain whether these will have any ground-breaking impact in terms of services trade liberalisation.

The Politics of Trade Protection in North Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-235
Author(s):  
Adeel Malik ◽  
Ferdinand Eibl
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Protection ◽  
Strategic Trade Policy ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Political Foundations ◽  
Administrative Oversight ◽  
The Eu

What are the institutional and political foundations of trade policy? Is such politics of policy still relevant in the age of liberalization when trade tariffs have fallen in prominence? To answer these questions, this chapter sheds light on the politics of partial liberalization using the strategic trade policy shift induced by the European Union’s trade agreements with Egypt and Morocco that resulted in an across-the-board reduction in tariffs and was followed by a wave of non-tariff measures in the decade of the 2000s. Using fine-grained data on the presence of politically connected businesses across different manufacturing sub-sectors, the chapter demonstrates that politically connected sectors received disproportionately higher levels of non-tariff protection in the wake of the EU-induced tariff liberalizations. The bulk of these non-tariff measures were technical barriers to trade that require greater administrative oversight through bureaucratic inspections and conformity assessments, and are therefore susceptible to political abuse.

scholarly journals Exploring Race Hate Crime Reporting in Wales Following Brexit

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Cuerden ◽  
Colin Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fundamental Idea ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Way

 Most countries consist of many diverse races and cultures, based on historical political decisions, wars or economic changes. Throughout Europe over the past decades the policy of free movement for work as part of the EU agreements has encouraged this activity. Indeed this has been a fundamental idea behind the European Union ever since its inception. However, what can the consequences be for those individuals who, encouraged by such policies, find themselves located in a country which has decided to no longer be part of that system? In particular what impact does this decision appear to have on the way those considered to be “racially different” are treated by others? This article explores the impact the recent decision by Great Britain took to leave the EU (so called Brexit) and its impact upon the number of racially recorded hate crimes in Wales. Using examples from terrorist incidents in Europe, along with the Brexit result, as examples, it provides clear evidence that when certain incidents occur in wider society, there is an impact upon the way in which so called non-indigenous people are treated, which results in an increase in criminality. These results will have resonance for other countries with a mixed population, as well as having implications for those agencies involved in the protection and safety of all inhabitants in their country.

Digital trade facilitation and bilateral trade in selected Asian countries

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Normaz Wana Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Infrastructure ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Partners

Purpose Digital technology is gaining attention among many scholars as a way to facilitate trade. This study aims to investigate three important digital dimensions (DD), namely, digital infrastructure, digital usage and digital security on trade using selected Asian countries and 20 selected trade partners. Digital infrastructure focussed on the availability and accessibility of digital infrastructure in exporting and importing countries. The second dimension, digital usage, highlights the importance of household usage of mobile phones, broadband data and the internet. Finally, the third dimension focusses on digital security as many online transactions occur across the globe. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the gravity model to investigate the impact of DD as tools to facilitate trade in selected Asian countries with selected trading partners between 2003 and 2017. The Hausman test is used to determine whether to use the random effect model or fixed effect model. However, for robustness, the Hausman and Taylor estimation is used to allow the time-invariant model to be included and at the same time to remove correlations between the error terms. Findings The result of this study confirmed that having digital infrastructure is not sufficient for trade facilitation, but it must be supported with an intensity of use by businesses and consumers and be accompanied by strong internet security for trade. The study also revealed that a narrowing digital divide in terms internet users and security will be a benefit to both trade partners in a transaction through better and efficient trade facilitation. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature in three ways. First, the classification of DD is used to identify which dimensions need to be addressed for policymakers. Most studies focussed on the first two dimensions without including security dimensions. Second, the authors estimate digital trade facilitation variables for both exporters and importers to ensure unbiased results between two trade partners. Finally, this study introduces new variables in the analysis of the digital user gap and the digital security gap as indicators for the digital divide.

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