In the Border-Land of Literalism: Interpretative Scripture Alterations in Medieval Karaite Translations of the Bible into Arabic

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 179-202
Author(s):  
Marzena Zawanowska

With a perfectly faithful translation being but a pipe dream, every interpreter exercises certain degree of freedom in choosing what he perceives as the most appropriate representation of the source text in the target language. This flexible dimension is discernible also in overall literalistic approach of medieval Karaite translators of the Hebrew Bible into Arabic. The article focuses on non-theological alterations demonstrated in their renderings of scriptural verses, which are intended to modify rather than clarify the original meanings. It pays special attention to distinct ways in which these exegetes cope with the descriptions of indecent, improper or irrational behavior from the revered Forefathers—Patriarchs, Matriarchs and prophets of the Jewish nation.

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-508
Author(s):  
Georgy T Khukhuni ◽  
Irina I Valuitseva ◽  
Anna A Osipova

The purpose of this article is to study the issue of key features of the so-called cultural words (realia) in sacred texts (the Bible is taken as an example) as well as a distinctive nature of their cross-language transfer. This problem is essential not only for the Bible translation as such but it also enables to clarify some aspects related to the representation of the vocabulary with cultural identity in the target language that is explained by the very nature of the Old and New Testaments containing a wide variety of the realia that refer directly to a religious cult and to the everyday life of Palestinian people and their neighborhood in the Bible times. The material for the present research includes versions of the Holy Writ created in different periods in a number of languages (Latin, Church Slavonic, Russian and English). While analyzing, the classical translations labelled often as “national” ones have been used (the King James Bible, Synodal Translation), as well and the versions created in the 20th and 21st centuries. The main approach applied herein is the identifying of the corresponding units in the said Bible texts, the ascertainment of the possibility of their ambivalent interpretation, the correlation within the considered versions of translation, the determination of translation strategies used for representing the realia and their comparative analysis. When considering the options presented, special attention has been paid to extra-linguistic factors, since they often play a decisive role in solving the said task. The key results of the made survey can be formulated as follows: 1) since translations could have been made from different versions of the source text, there are cases when certain realia are available in some translations but are missing in others; 2) the use of transcription / transliteration of the realia in Russian versions of the Old Testament in some cases is determined by their representation in the Greek and Church Slavonic texts of the Bible and therefore in both the Synodal and the new translations they can be presented in a form different from that available in European languages; 3) the representation of the Greek word diopetês ( fallen from heaven ) as the proper name Diopet in the Synodal Translation is usually qualified as an elementary mistake, but it could have been also provoked by an intention to follow Greek and Church Slavonic traditions; 4) the existence of the so-called ‘undefined realia’ in the source text, an exact meaning of which is not known, causes their various interpretations in the target language; 5) during the analysis of the units of the target language used in the translation of the Holy Writ, the diachronic aspect must be taken into account considering, on the one hand, the possibility of losing or changing the meaning in the course of linguistic evolution, and on the other hand, avoiding vesting the reality with the meaning that it could not have; 6) a number of translations made in recent decades are characterized by a pronounced pragmatic orientation, in some cases causing a significant neutralization of the national-cultural specificity or its adaptation to the corresponding cultural environment, the degree of admissibility of which in some cases is controversial. The above items enable to clarify a number of aspects related to the methods of translating the realia and the importance of such aspects for attaining the translation adequacy.


Author(s):  
Georgy T. Khukhuni ◽  
Irina I. Valuitseva ◽  
Anna A. Osipova

Variation is one of the most commonly used concepts in translatology. To one degree or another, it becomes obvious in an interlingual transfer of texts of various genres; however, first of all, one has to deal with it when translating pieces of fiction (broadly speaking). This becomes especially evident in cases when one and the same source text has several versions in another language (or in other languages). First of all, this applies to the Bible, which surpasses other literary masterpieces in the number of existing translations into different languages and also has the longest tradition of interlingual transfers. Such fact determines the relevance of the subject of this article. Despite a large number of studies on various aspects of the Holy Writ translations, a number of issues related to their variation cannot be considered fully investigated, which makes it possible to speak of the scientific novelty of this article. A few fragments of the versions created in different languages were used as the material for this research, and the method of comparative analysis was applied for their study. The research results lead to the following conclusions: a) the variation in different translations of the selected fragments may be caused by both objective and subjective factors; b) the availability of the so-called unclarities in the source text, which allow for different interpretations, leads to significant differences in their representation in the target language; c) the aiming for pragmatic adaptation of the content for a foreign cultural audience in a number of cases entails the replacement of realities, sometimes distorting the actualness shown in the original text; d) modern translations may reflect issues related to political correctness, an inclusive language, etc., which do not always correspond to the ideology of the source text.


2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor E. d'Assonville

The Synod of Dordrecht 1618/19 was not only the most ecumenical synod of reformed churches in history, but is also famous for reaching closure with the formulation of the Canons of Dort, on the highly controversial discussions of election, grace, predestination, free will and other related theological themes that disturbed the Netherlands during the first two decades of the 17th century. Unfortunately, in the wake of this, other crucial matters that also were dealt with at the Synod tend to be obscure. The critical issue of Bible translation is one such example. Although this theme appears to be in the shadow of the contentious debates on election etc., till today the importance of the decisions of the Synod on the principles of Bible translation, which gave rise to the well-known Dutch “Statenvertaling” (State Translation), remain unassailed. These include principles such as translating from the original languages, staying as close as possible to the original source text, remaining as faithful as possible to the typical Hebrew and Greek idiom, as well as the use of an unadulterated, understandable language as target language – with special consideration of and respect for the Names of the Lord, while also taking other important translations into account. Key concepts Statenvertaling (Dutch State Translation); Dordrecht/Dort ; Bible translation ; Translation principles   ‘Monumentum aere perennius’ – Diskussies oor en besluite deur die Sinode van Dordrecht oor Bybelvertaling Opsomming Die Sinode van Dordrecht 1618/19 was nie slegs die mees ekumeniese sinode van gereformeerde kerke in die geskiedenis nie, maar dit is ook beroemd vir die vasstelling van die Dordtse Leerreëls wat terselfdertyd as afsluiting gedien het vir die hoogs omstrede diskussies oor die uitverkiesing, genade, voorsienigheid, vrye wil en ander samehangende teologiese onderwerpe – temas wat groot onrus veroorsaak het in die Nederlande gedurende die eerste twee dekades van die sewentiende eeu. Ongelukkig bring die bekendheid van die Dordtse Leerreëls mee dat ander sleutelsake wat ook deur die sinode hanteer is in die vergetelheid raak. Die sentrale kwessie van Bybelvertaling is een só ’n aspek. Ofskoon dit lyk of hierdie saak in die skaduwee van die kontensieuse diskussies oor uitverkiesing ensovoorts staan, is die betekenis van die sinodebesluite oor die beginsels van Bybelvertaling (wat uiteindelik in die Statevertaling uitgemond het) ’n uitgemaakte saak. Dit sluit beginsels in soos om uit die oorspronklike tale te vertaal, om so na as moontlik aan die oorspronklike bronteks te bly, terwyl ook so getrou as moontlik die tipiese Hebreeuse en Griekse idioom weergegee word en terselfdertyd van ’n suiwer, verstaanbare segswyse en uitdrukking in die doeltaal gebruik gemaak word. Hierby kom besondere aandag aan en respek vir die Name van die Here terwyl ook ander belangrike vertalings in ag geneem word in die vertaalproses. Kernbegrippe: Statevertaling; Dordrecht / Dordt; Bybelvertaling; Vertaalbeginsels


Author(s):  
Melati Desa

ABSTRACT   : Language and culture influences each other and its effect is reflected in not only the way humans think, but could also be seen in a full load of figurative elements in creative writing, such as metaphors. Thus, the report examines the aspects of the transfer of meaning in the live metaphors in Haru No Yuki, literary Japanese texts written by Yukio Mishima (1925 – 1970) translated to Malay by Muhammad Haji Salleh (1993) as Salju Musim Bunga published by Penataran Ilmu. This report studies on the equivalence of the meaning of translated live metaphors from the source text to the target text. From the study of the equivalence of meaning can be evaluated that, if there is any type of losses of meaning in form of under translation, over translation or wrong translation. The retention of live metaphors in the target text produced an ideal translation. Universal live metaphors maintained by the translator, this approach produced an ideal translation in form of meaning and accepted by the culture and speakers of the target language. The conclusion of this report shows that, one of the factors in producing quality translations is to understand the elements of the original cultural metaphors contained in the source text. Keywords: live metaphor, personification, ideal translation, equivalence of meaning ABSTRAK         : Bahasa dan budaya saling mempengaruhi dan kesannya dapat dilihat bukan sahaja dalam cara manusia berpikir malah dalam penulisan kreatif yang memuatkan unsur figuratif, metafora misalnya. Justeru, kajian ini meneliti aspek pemindahan makna dalam terjemahan metafora hidup dan personifikasi yang terdapat dalam teks kesusasteraan Jepun, Haru No Yuki hasil penulisan Yukio Mishima (1925 – 1970) diterjemahkan oleh Muhammad Haji Salleh (1993) menjadi Salju Musim Bunga (SMB) terbitan Penataran Ilmu. Kertas kerja ini mengkaji keselarasan makna terjemahan metafora hidup dan personifikasi daripada teks sumber kepada teks sasaran. Daripada kajian keselarasan makna dapat dinilai sama ada berlaku peleburan makna metafora apabila terhasilnya terjemahan kurang, terjemahan lebih atau terjemahan salah. Kaedah pengekalan metafora hidup dalam teks sasaran didapati menghasilkan terjemahan ideal. Metafora hidup yang bersifat universal dikekalkan oleh penterjemah, pendekatan ini menghasilkan terjemahan ideal dari sudut makna dan diterima oleh budaya dan penutur bahasa sasaran. Sebagai kesimpulan, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa, salah satu faktor dalam usaha untuk menghasilkan terjemahan bermutu adalah dengan memahami unsur metafora budaya asal teks sumber.   Kata kunci : metafora hidup, personifikasi, terjemahan ideal, persamaan makna


2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 426-430
Author(s):  
Da Lai Wang

This paper aims to account for sustainable development of different cultures in the context of globalization from the perspective of cultural functions of translation, which wield enormous power in constructing representations of the foreign culture and have far reaching effects in the target culture. According to cultural communication of translation, the major task of translation is to turn the cultural information in one language into another. Therefore, in the process of translating, the translator should try his utmost to allow his target language reader to acquire cultural information of the source text in order to promote mutual understanding between Western people and Eastern people and make different cultures co-exist peacefully and achieve sustainable development.


1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Carroll

AbstractThe enterprise of writing "histories" of "ancient Israel" in which biblical historiography is reproduced by old credulists or critiqued by new nihilists represents one of the leading edges of contemporary biblical studies in relation to the Hebrew Bible. This quest for a cultural poetics or cultural materialist accounts of the Bible is virtually equivalent to a New Historicism in the discipline. In this article analyses of three topics from current debates in biblical studies (historiography of "ancient Israel", the empty land topos, canons and context) are used to provide insights into how new historicist approaches to contextualizing literature may contribute to these current debates about the Bible.


2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Joel S. Kaminsky

The growing gap between the wealthiest and poorest members of society is a pressing social concern regularly invoked in discussions surrounding taxation, the minimum wage, and the social safety net. Advocates of particular positions at times reference various biblical passages. This essay examines several relevant themes and passages within the Hebrew Bible in order to explore ways the Bible might be brought into productive conversation with these contemporary issues.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWEJ for Translation & Literary Studies ◽  
Noureldin Mohamed Abdelaal

Connotative meaning is one of the most challenging aspects in translation, especially between two different cultures such as English and Arabic. The problem is more aggravated when the translation occurs from a sacred and sophisticated text such as the Holy Quran. As a result, losses in translation occur. This study, therefore, is an attempt to identify the losses in the translation of connotative meaning in the Holy Quran, propose strategies to reduce such losses, and identify the causes of such losses. For this purpose, seven examples were extracted from the Holy Quran and were qualitatively analysed. The analysis of the extracted data revealed that connotative meaning was quite challenging in translation and losses occurred. These problems in preserving the connotative meaning of the source text (ST) word or playing it down are due to two main causes: the first cause is the lack of equivalence, while the second one is the translator’s failure to pick the most appropriate equivalent. Non-equivalence problems were mainly represented in lack of lexicalization, semantic complexity, culturally-bound terms, difference in expressive meaning, and difference in distinction of meaning between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). Some strategies were suggested to reduce such loss in the translation of connotative meaning. These strategies include footnoting, transliteration, periphrastic translation, and accuracy of selecting the proper equivalent that can be achieved by triangulation procedures such as peer-checking and expert-checking.


Author(s):  
Aleksandra Erić-Bukarica

The aim of this paper is to examine and describe similarities and differences in the use and distribution of modal verbs by contrasting English and Serbian legal texts. The corpus consists of an English version of The Convention on the Rights of the Child and its official Serbian translation. We started from an assumption that modal verbs are more frequent in legal texts in English than in Serbian, where we expected to find examples of lexical items with modal meanings instead. In addition, we assumed that due to its specific use in legal texts of this kind, the English modal ‘shall’ will show the highest frequency of occurrence. A total of one hundred and twenty six (126) modal verbs and a semi-modal ‘need not’ were found in the source text. The results of the analysis support the initial presumption that ‘shall’ will stand out as the most frequent of all modal verbs (60% of all occurrences). Despite the high occurrence rate of the legalistic ‘shall’ in the source text, translation solutions in the target language only rarely take the form of the modal verb. Most often deontic notions of imperative directness and necessity in Serbian legislative writings are expressed by means of the present indicative. The analysis also indicates that translation solutions for the remaining English modal verbs most often take the form of a modal verb or a modal lexeme with a corresponding meaning in Serbian.


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