Corruption among Rural Grassroots Cadres: A Study of Its Origins and Development, with Policy Recommendations

Rural China ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-113
Author(s):  
Jianyu Zhou (周健宇)
Keyword(s):  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Ideological Education ◽  
Corruption Prevention ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Drawing on 1,965 cases of corruption by rural grassroots cadre from 1993 to 2017, this article examines the evolving patterns of and intrinsic reasons for corruption as well as its changing characteristics over time, by focusing on the following indicators: the number of newly increased corruption cases, the frequency of corruption activities, the average amount of cash value involved in the cases, the annual total cash value involved in the cases, and the sectors where corruption took place. This article ends with several recommendations on corruption prevention, including further measures on legislation, ideological education, supervising mechanisms, and investigation and punishment.

Class Size and Student Achievement: Research-Based Policy Alternatives

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Odden
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
Time Class ◽  
Flows Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This article is about policy related to class size and student achievement. Class size is an ongoing education policy issue that ebbs and flows over time. Class size reductions have been proposed recently in many states and enacted in a few. This article reviews the literature on class size and student achievement and suggests policy alternatives. It has four sections: First, some introductory comments are made to set subsequent comments about class size policy into a broader context; second, the research on class size and student achievement is presented; third, the policy implications of this research are developed; fourth, a short summary of policy recommendations is provided.

scholarly journals Banking Competition and Efficiency in Jordan: A Note

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaldoun Al-Qaisi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Competitive Behavior ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Competitive Condition ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Banking Competition ◽  
Structural Test ◽  
Over Time

The financial economics literature contains numerous research papers which examine issues that concern the banking industry. One of these issues is banking competition. Indeed, this issue is important because of its complications to financial stability and the growth of the borrowing firms. The purpose of this paper is to assess the competitive behavior of the Jordanian banking sector during the period ranging from 1999 to 2008 using the non-structural test developed by Panzar and Rosse. In more specific terms, this paper examines the overall competitive condition during the period 1999 – 2008 and how it has evolved over time. Based on the empirical findings, it is expected that a number of policy recommendations may be provided. The objective of these recommendations is to enhance the regulation of the banking sector in Jordan and improve their performance.  

scholarly journals A first insight about spatial dimension of COVID-19: analysis at municipality level

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep-Maria Arauzo-Carod
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background This paper is about spatial patterns of by corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Methods Using data for the first 21 weeks from municipalities in Catalonia, we analyse whether reported positive cases appear randomly or following some kind of spatial dependence. Global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation are used. Results There are some clusters alongside Catalan municipalities that change over time. Conclusions Use of spatial analysis techniques is suggested to identify spatial disease patterns and to provide spatially disaggregated public health policy recommendations.

scholarly journals Evolution of the U.S. Tornado Database: 1954–2003

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Verbout ◽  
Harold E. Brooks ◽  
Lance M. Leslie ◽  
David M. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Intensity Threshold ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Over the last 50 yr, the number of tornadoes reported in the United States has doubled from about 600 per year in the 1950s to around 1200 in the 2000s. This doubling is likely not related to meteorological causes alone. To account for this increase a simple least squares linear regression was fitted to the annual number of tornado reports. A “big tornado day” is a single day when numerous tornadoes and/or many tornadoes exceeding a specified intensity threshold were reported anywhere in the country. By defining a big tornado day without considering the spatial distribution of the tornadoes, a big tornado day differs from previous definitions of outbreaks. To address the increase in the number of reports, the number of reports is compared to the expected number of reports in a year based on linear regression. In addition, the F1 and greater Fujita-scale record was used in determining a big tornado day because the F1 and greater series was more stationary over time as opposed to the F2 and greater series. Thresholds were applied to the data to determine the number and intensities of the tornadoes needed to be considered a big tornado day. Possible threshold values included fractions of the annual expected value associated with the linear regression and fixed numbers for the intensity criterion. Threshold values of 1.5% of the expected annual total number of tornadoes and/or at least 8 F1 and greater tornadoes identified about 18.1 big tornado days per year. Higher thresholds such as 2.5% and/or at least 15 F1 and greater tornadoes showed similar characteristics, yet identified approximately 6.2 big tornado days per year. Finally, probability distribution curves generated using kernel density estimation revealed that big tornado days were more likely to occur slightly earlier in the year and have a narrower distribution than any given tornado day.

Differential school effects

2018 ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Stephen Gorard
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
School Population ◽  
National School ◽  
School Progress ◽  
Type Of School ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Over Time

This chapter explains why no type of school within the national school system has been found to be more effective than any other with equivalent students. It discusses the promising value-added (VA) approach, which judges schools by the progress that their pupils make during attendance at the school — not their absolute levels of attainment. Data on all pupils in the relevant school population is used to predict as accurately as possible how well each pupil will score in a subsequent test of attainment. Any difference between the predicted and observed test result is then used as a residual. The averaged residuals for each school are termed the school's ‘effect’, and are intended to represent the average amount by which pupils in that school progress more or less when compared to equivalent pupils in all other schools. This judgement about progress is intended to be independent of the raw-score figures, making it fairer than assessment by raw scores. Since this ‘school effect’ is deemed a characteristic of the school, not its specific cohort of pupils, it should be reasonably consistent over time.

Germany's Euro Crisis: Preferences, Management, and Contingencies

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Olender
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Euro Crisis ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
German State ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
State Preference ◽  
Fiscal Austerity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

This article applies Moravscik's ideational liberalism to outline domestic and international influences on German state preference formation since the introduction of the euro and discusses the trends that distinguish German policy making and why they matter in the development of sustainable solutions to the ongoing euro crisis. The German government's ideational commitments to the European project and ordoliberal principles are found to be significant determinants in preference formation, but while its commitment to Europe has remained stable over time, its commitment to ordoliberalism has wavered. The government prefers to advance European integration in line with ordoliberal principles, though in times of crisis it hardens its ordoliberal stance. This article argues that Germany will go to great lengths to keep the Eurozone intact because it is part of a grand political project, but the government's prescription for fiscal austerity, which is underpinned by ordoliberal principles, sometimes exacerbates the euro crisis. Policy recommendations that favour flexibility are offered for Germany and other Eurozone countries.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v7i2.216

scholarly journals Germany's Euro Crisis: Preferences, Management, and Contingencies

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Olender
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Euro Crisis ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
German State ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
State Preference ◽  
Fiscal Austerity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

This article applies Moravscik's ideational liberalism to outline domestic and international influences on German state preference formation since the introduction of the euro and discusses the trends that distinguish German policy making and why they matter in the development of sustainable solutions to the ongoing euro crisis. The German government's ideational commitments to the European project and ordoliberal principles are found to be significant determinants in preference formation, but while its commitment to Europe has remained stable over time, its commitment to ordoliberalism has wavered. The government prefers to advance European integration in line with ordoliberal principles, though in times of crisis it hardens its ordoliberal stance. This article argues that Germany will go to great lengths to keep the Eurozone intact because it is part of a grand political project, but the government's prescription for fiscal austerity, which is underpinned by ordoliberal principles, sometimes exacerbates the euro crisis. Policy recommendations that favour flexibility are offered for Germany and other Eurozone countries.

scholarly journals Inhibited privatization: a hurdle race over vested interests

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Senderski
Keyword(s):  
Management Style ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Marketing Activity ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Privatization Policy ◽  
Over Time

This paper recognizes vested interests as one of the primary premises that reduce the effectiveness of privatization policy, stall its momentum and produce structural problems in the long-run. Both exogenous and endogenous drawbacks are cited, but the main focus is put on the dynamism of vested interests’ character, interconnectedness and evolution. Policy makers have been long aware of the existence of activities rooted in vested interests including empire building behaviors, creation of sinecures or extravagant management style. Hence, the fundamental effort here is put on the identification of emerging vested interests that were typically not considered by scholars. The channels through which conventional vested interests have snowballed over time are emphasized. This includes casting a closer glance at family employment, as well as at sports sponsorship arrangements, which emerge as the favorite domain of marketing activity for Polish state-owned enterprises. The research of available literature is performed, along with its application to the Polish case, and insightful observations concerning the anatomy of privatization-related reluctance. Rough policy recommendations conclude the paper.

scholarly journals Forty-year study of rates of homicide by people with schizophrenia and other homicides in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Golenkov ◽  
Matthew Large ◽  
Olav Nielssen ◽  
Alla Tsymbalova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Chuvash Republic ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Over Time

Background The extent to which rates of homicide by people with or without schizophrenia vary over time has theoretical and practical implications in understanding homicide by people with mental illness. Aims The aim was to report on the rates of homicide by people diagnosed with schizophrenia over time in a region in which there were dramatic changes in the overall rates of homicide. Methods An examination of homicide by people diagnosed with schizophrenia in the course of judicial psychiatric examination, and the rate of other homicide in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation between 1981 and 2020 was undertaken. Results During the 40 years of the study a total of 5741 people faced legal proceedings for a homicide offence, of whom 179 (3.1%) were diagnosed with schizophrenia. During the study period the average annual total homicide rate rose from about 9 per 100 000 in the 1980s, peaked at 17 per 100 000 in the 1990s before falling to 13 per 100 000 in the 2000s and 6 per 100 000 in the 2010s. Rates of homicide by people with schizophrenia also rose and fell over this period and were significantly associated with the rates of other homicide (r = 0.503, d.f. = 38, P = 0.001). Conclusions The rise and fall in rates of homicide by people diagnosed with schizophrenia in parallel to total homicide suggests that homicidal behaviour might not be intrinsic to the clinical manifestations of the illness, and might instead reflect a heightened vulnerability to social factors that are associated with homicide by people without schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Ethics of dead participants: policy recommendations for biobank research

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 695-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Ursin ◽  
Maria Stuifbergen
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Proxy Consent ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Broad Consent ◽  
Biobank Research ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research ◽  
Participation Research ◽  
Over Time

Respecting people’s consent choices for use of their material and data is a cornerstone of biobank ethics. Participation in biobanks is characteristically based on broad consent that presupposes an ongoing possibility of informing and interacting with participants over time. The death of a participant means the end of any interaction, but usually not the end of participation. Research on causes of death makes biobank material from deceased participants extremely valuable. But as new research questions and methods develop over time, the question arises whether stored biobank material from deceased persons still can be used on the basis of their broad consent. In this paper, we discuss policies for postmortem use of biobank material, including consent options, proxy consent and criteria for limitation of types of use and duration of storage. We conclude that the interests of participants in biobank research are best served by asking at enrolment if and how the biobank material may be used after death. We state that the use of biobank material from deceased participants should be delimited both by their consent and by the prevailing broad consent choices of living participants.Biobanks also need to inform participants at enrolment about the duration of storage of biobank material or at minimum have procedures for deciding how long material will be stored for and for which purpose. For older collections, in the absence of such information or consent options, relevant authorities should decide.

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