Agricultural Involution and Bureaucratic Involution: Types, Concepts, Empirical Generalizations, and Theoretical Mechanisms

Rural China ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-191
Author(s):  
Philip C. C. Huang (黄宗智)
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
State Party ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Agriculture ◽  
Empirical Generalizations

Abstract The article reviews the history of the word “involution,” the empirical basis of the concept of “agricultural involution,” and the mechanisms operating behind that phenomenon. It then considers the very different empirical bases and mechanisms of “bureaucratic involution.” State and peasant might interact in a positive way that leads to development – as when the state in the Reform era gave peasants the power and right to respond to market stimuli and develop the “labor and capital dual intensifying” “new agriculture” that has led to genuine development, demonstrating how small peasants have been the true primary subjects of Chinese agriculture and the true key to genuine agricultural development. By contrast, if bureaucratic involution should force on peasants policies that run counter to realities, it can lead to malignant “ultra-involution.” Similar consequences can be seen in spheres with scarce opportunities relative to the number of people seeking them, once they are placed under the forces of bureaucratic involution, as in the “examinations-above-all-else education system” as well as in similar (public and private) enterprise management. That is why the word “involution” has recently triggered such widespread resonance among so very many people. What is needed is state-party policies that truly accord with the interests of the people and draw their active participation. That kind of combination is what can check tendencies toward ultra-involution.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Pendidikan Sebagai Kebijakan Publik dalam Sistem Politik di Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Maskuri Maskuri
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
Education System ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Configuration

In the history of Indonesian, education policy has always been dynamic. Before independence until the reform era of education policy can not be separated from the political system. We know that education policy as part of education policy is a political product. Political configuration in every era of state political leadership has always changed according to the political wind and the configuration of political rulers. However, forces outside the governance system, such as educational community groups, will give color to the education system. When the political system demands the centralization of power, the education system will also concentrate on a centralized government. With the flow of reforms, it has spawned many changes in the education system. Several articles, even the law which, according to the public, lack attention to the aspect of education itself, are sued to the Constitutional Court. Along with the policy of regional autonomy, education policy must be able to adjust to the development of society in autonomous regions. This necessarily requires the creativity of leaders in the region in terms of promoting education in the region in accordance with the aspirations of the community.

scholarly journals Revolutionary Socialist Internationalism: Rank-and-File Reaction in the USPD

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
International Meeting ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Historical Accounts

Historical accounts of the First, Second and Third Internationals, i.e., those organizations that attempted to realize some sort of supranational working-class solidarity, have traditionally been presented in terms of congresses, programs and personalities. Invariably scholars have focused on the public and private debates at this or that international meeting and/or how Marx, Engels, Lenin or some other leading figure influenced or reacted to some specific development. In short, the history of the International has been looked at almost exclusively from the “top down”. There is not anything wrong with this approach per se, but it might be of some value to consider, occasionally at least, the people whom the various Internationals were supposed to be serving, in other words to examine the International not only from the “top down” but also from the “bottom up”.

The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Islamic Period ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Archive Material

One of the classical difficulties of the student of the history of the Islamic Middle East, as contrasted with his colleagues in the European field, is the lack of archive material. While the western medievalist, for example, has at his disposal a mass of records, central and local, public and private, political, administrative, judicial, and ecclesiastical, the orientalist has to rely for the most part on literary and archæological sources. In many fields of history his findings are in consequence often vague and general; they are in the main limited to the public and external life of the communities and individuals he studies. Only the events and personalities important enough to achieve literary mention are known to him, and then only through the reflecting medium of literary sources. Even the great figures, with few exceptions, remain dim and formalized outlines, while for the life of the people he has to rely mainly on occasional hints and scraps of evidence. Large numbers of individual documents survive in isolation—some in the form of inscriptions, others quoted in the texts of the chronicles; but only for one period after the rise of Islam is any important body of original documents available—and the light they have shed on the period from which they derive has deepened the surrounding darkness. The Egyptian papyri of the early Islamic period have imposed a rewriting of much of the history of the early Caliphate, as recorded by the chroniclers and jurists. Yet even the papyri are not archives in the true sense of the word.

scholarly journals Religious Seminaries and Muslim Education in Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent: A Critical Historical Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (III) ◽  
pp. 407-414
Author(s):  
Azmat Ali Shah ◽  
Fazal Ilahi Khan ◽  
Saima Razzaq Khan
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
British India ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
The People ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

This paper focuses on the history of Islamic studies and the growth of Muslim edification scheme subsequent to the arrival of Islam in South Asia (712 A.D) and also explores the key role played by the Emperors in its establishment since 1206 A.D. Thereafter, it will highlight the efforts of Muslim rulers in introducing religious-cum-modern education system through Madrassah (religious seminaries) in Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent including the period of British-India from 1757 to 1947 A.D. which adversely affected the Muslim education system by introducing foreign educational reforms to target the curriculum of the Islamic education system. The paper will shed light on the development of Madrassahin Pakistan and the 9/11 incident that has drastically affected the image of the religious seminaries in imparting Islamic education to the people in the global community.

Entrepreneurial Training & Development in Tourist Places

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajlaxmi R. Bhosale
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
Entrepreneurial Training

The industrial corridors have provided a vast recognition to the various places through which it passes. The city of Aurangabad which is famous and known for its historic value with world heritage site shall see an increase in the number of tourists footfalls from the entire world. As DMIC the industrial corridors acknowledges the inter-dependency of various sectors of the economy and present effective integration between industry and people which shall lead to development of the entire society. The present study is done to analyze whether the people of Aurangabad leading various hospitality sectors are ready to handle the enormous flow of tourist coming for business and pleasure to the place. The study highlights the various entrepreneurial sources present in the society of Aurangabads hospitality sector. The study states the need of providing soft skills to the frontliners to fulfill the tourists with a pleasing memorabilia to take home from the people working in this sector. This sector employees needs to be trained for skill development especially in the field of so called adaratithya. They also need to be cultured with the complete history of Aurangabad and following the traffic rules. It is concluded that various institutions needs to be established by the public and private players to change the frame of mind of the people working in the hospitality sector and the entire society of Aurangabad through training and development. This would lead to entrepreneurship development for the citizens of Aurangabad. There is a huge amount of scope in training to be provided to the service providers to improve the quality of the service which shall improve the economical status of the society. The young and learned people should start with the training and development as an entrepreneurial opportunity and create value through innovation.

Good government, democratisation and traditional African political philosophy: the example of the Kanyok of the Congo

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yoder
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Environments ◽  
Good Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
State Of Affairs

Over the last several decades, officials in both the public and private sectors have applied economic, military, cultural, academic and diplomatic tools to promote the spread of democratic pluralism in African and elsewhere. With the fall of Africa's most resilient tyrant, Mobutu Sese Seko, there is hope that even one of Africa's most troubled systems may be transformed into a state that reflects the will of the people and promotes the common good. Sober observers, however, remain pessimistic. Laurent Kabila's spotted record on human rights, his stubborn intolerance of political opposition, the challenging global economic and political environments, and the long history of bad government in Mobutu's Zaïre are obvious reasons for concern. Furthermore, the example of most other African states is not encouraging. With the exception of countries such as South Africa and Botswana, even the most tenuous democratic progress in Africa is often slowed, blocked or reversed.Generally, blame for this state of affairs has been levelled against the African political elite, the burden of colonialism, or international political and economic pressures. Specifically, for the Congo, Mobutu's kleptocracy, Belgium's paternalism, America's backing of a friendly dictator and the World Bank's support for ill-advised ‘development’ schemes all have been criticised. While such reproaches may be well deserved, this article argues that it is important to ask if the persistent failure of democracy in the Congo as well as in other African states is also related to African political culture.

scholarly journals Sejarah Perkembangan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Masa Pasca Reformasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Nasihatul Mila ◽  
Fatma Vida ◽  
Depict Pristine Adi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
New Order ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
At Home

ABSTRAKStudi ini mengkaji tentang sejarah perkembangan politik luar negeri Indonesia masa pasca reformasi. Politik luar negeri Indonesia merupakan setiap kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia yang diambil dalam menjalankan hubungan dengan dunia  internasional demi mencapai tujuan nasional. Sejarah dan perkembangan politik luar negeri di Indonesia mengalami perubahan yaitu dimulai sejak awal kemerdekaan, pada masa pemerintah Soekarno dan Moh Hatta, hingga pada masa sekarang yakni pemerintahan Jokowi. Perubahan politik luar negeri Indonesia dapat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi negara, kepemimpinan pada masa tersebut dan dinamika situasi internasional. Namun, disini penulis berfokus pada masa pasca reformasi, karena pada masa itu struktur dan strategi politik luar negeri Indonesia mulai berubah, terdapat restrukturisasi lembaga Kementerian Luar Negeri menjadi lebih terbuka dan transparan. Tulisan ini berupaya menjelaskan sejarah perkembangan politik luar negeri Indonesia pada masa pasca reformasi. Dengan tulisan ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui arah kebijakan politik luar negeri Indonesia pada masa setelah berakhirnya orde baru tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan, di mana penulis mengumpulkan informasi yang relevan dengan topik yang menjadi objek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan politik luar negeri Indonesia pada masa pasca reformasi masih menggunakan formula yang sama dengan pemerintahan-pemerintahan sebelumnya, namun dalam era ini demokrasi dipandang lebih ditegakkan dari pada sebelumnya. Pemerintah selalu berusaha membuat kebijakan-kebijakan yang harus disesuaikan dengan situasi di dalam maupun di luar negeri dengan tetap berpegang pada prinsip bebas-aktif tanpa meninggalkan aspirasi masyarakat. Dengan begitu, pemerintah telah memperjuangkan berbagai kepentingan nasional terhadap dunia Internasional dengan maksud mencapai tujuan nasional.Kata kunci: Masa Pasca Reformasi, Politik Luar Negeri  AbstractThis study examines the history of the development of Indonesia's foreign policy in the post-reform era. Indonesia's foreign policy is every policy of the Government of Indonesia taken in carrying out relations with the international world in order to achieve national goals. The history and development of foreign policy in Indonesia underwent a change that began from the beginning of independence, during the Soekarno and Moh Hatta governments, to the present, namely the Jokowi government. Changes in Indonesia's foreign policy can be influenced by state conditions, leadership at the time and the dynamics of the international situation. However, here the author focuses on the post-reform era, because at that time the structure and strategy of Indonesia's foreign policy began to change, there was a restructuring of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs institutions becoming more open and transparent. This paper seeks to explain the history of the development of Indonesia's foreign policy in the post-reform era. With this paper, it is expected to find out the direction of Indonesia's foreign policy in the period after the end of the new order. This study uses a literature study method, in which the author collects information relevant to the topic that is the object of research. The results showed that Indonesia's foreign policy in the post-reform era still used the same formula as previous governments, but in this era democracy was seen as being more enforced than before. The government is trying to make policies that must be adapted to the situation at home and abroad by sticking to the principle of free and active without leaving the aspirations of the people. That way, the government has championed various national interests towards the international world with the intention of achieving national goals.Keywords: Foreign Policy, Post-Reformation Period

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Rohit De
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Historical Imagination ◽  
Indian Constitution ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Interest Litigation ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. The Indian Constitution is the longest surviving constitution in the postcolonial world, and it continues to dominate public life in India. It did not descend upon the people; it was produced and reproduced in everyday encounters. From the earliest days of India's independence, citizens' political action influenced the court and reveals a long history of public-interest litigation driven by litigants rather than judges. However, despite the centrality of the Constitution to public and private lives in South Asia, it remains “ill served by historical imagination” and its history understudied. It is partly because Indian constitutionalism defies easy explanations. This book thus traces the process through which the Constitution emerged as the dominant field for politics, breaking new methodological ground by studying the Constitution through the daily interpretive acts of ordinary people as well as judges and state officials.

scholarly journals Maladministrasi Birokrasi di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Sejarah

Jurnal Niara ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Rodi Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Public Services ◽  
New Order ◽  
Employee Morale ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Times

               Understanding the rational mindset, employee morale and governance behavior can be known through the historical roots of a nation. Their grip on administrative ethics and adherence to the code of public service ethics can be used as indicators of quality of service to the community. This paper aims to discuss the bureaucratic maladministration behavior in Indonesia in the historical approach. Analysis of scientific sources relating to history is the main method used in this paper. Researchers divided the history of bureaucratic maladministration into five epochs, namely the pre-colonial era, the Dutch colonial era, the Japanese colonial era, the Old Order era, the New Order era and the post-reform era. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that public administrators are more focused on serving the interests of the authorities rather than serving the people. The term bureaucracy used has indeed changed with the times, bureaucracy of priyayi and servants, bureaucracy of civil service, modern bureaucracy, but their behavior still serves the ruling regime. Even though post-reformation, there has been a change in legislation relating to public services, but at the level of bureaucratic maladministration behavior, it has still failed to overcome. Preventing bureaucratic maladministration behavior through planting and practicing religious teachings and social norms is a solution that can be done by the government so that the ideals of bureaucratic reform can be realized.   Keywords: maladministration, bureaucracy, administration, public services.

scholarly journals PERGURUAN THAWALIB PADANG PANJANG IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATIONAL HISTORY 1912 - 1926

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Harmonedi Harmonedi
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Educational History ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
The People ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Main Figure

Perguruan Thawalib Padang Panjang has contributed greatly to the nation. The history of its establishment cannot be separated from Surau Jembatan Besi. To uncover this problem the authors conducted research under the title " Perguruan Thawalib Padang Panjang in the Perspective of Educational History 1912-1926". This research aims at revealing the history of Perguruan Thawalib Padang Panjang, and its work in education. it is qualitative research through library studies. After conducting research, it was revealed that Surau Jembatan Besi, is used to implement the traditional education system, turned into Thawalib Padang Panjang, It implements a modern education system. The modernization of education is motivated by the demands of the people who need a noble, intelligent, critical, skilled generation. The renewal efforts carried out is to encourage the students with critical thinking, independent in opinion and skilled the organization, implementing classical system education, establishing teacher handbooks, and developing curriculum. The main figure in the modernization of education in Thawalib Padang Panjang is Sheikh Abdul Karim Amrullah, a charismatic cleric who has been in touch with modernization movements in the Middle East.

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