GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF FIBER LENGTH AND COARSENESS BASED ON PAPER PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND MATERIAL VARIABILITY – A REVIEW

Improvement of specific gravity through tree breeding was an early choice made in the mid 20th century due to its ease of measurement and impact on pulp yield and lumber strength and stiffness. This was often the first, and in many cases, the only wood quality trait selected for. However, from a product standpoint, increased specific gravity has shown to lower many paper strength and stiffness properties and has been assumed to be directly attributable to increased fiber coarseness. As a result, it is currently not clear which fiber trait would best benefit a tree improvement program for paper products. This review found coarseness to be perhaps more important to paper strength and stiffness whereas tracheid length showed better promise from a breeding point of view due to its independence from specific gravity. However, both traits possessed strong heritability and influence on product performance and thus both would be beneficial to breed for depending on organizational goals and end product mix. The objective of this paper is to review and prioritize coarseness and tracheid length from both an end use and raw material perspective. To aid in prioritization, the variation, correlation, and heritability of both traits were reviewed along with significant genetic and phenotypic correlations. Variation trends within and between families as well as within a tree were reviewed.

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Regional variation in wood specific gravity of planted loblolly pine in the United States

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x07-158 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 698-710 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Lewis Jordan ◽

Alexander Clark ◽

Laurence R. Schimleck ◽

Daniel B. Hall ◽

Richard F. Daniels

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Wood Quality ◽

The United States ◽

South Atlantic ◽

Quality Trait ◽

The South ◽

Juvenile Period ◽

Natural Range

Loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) is the most important plantation species in the southeastern United States and specific gravity (SG) is its most important wood quality trait. Analysis of annual ring SG of breast height (1.37 m) increment cores from 3957 trees representing 147 plantations across the species natural range showed that ring SG increases with increasing age and varies significantly among physiographic regions. The South Atlantic and Gulf regions had the highest ring SGs, while the Hilly and Piedmont regions had the lowest. Based on ring SG, the juvenile period averages 4.3 years, followed by 8.6 years of transition wood, with mature wood produced by year 13. Whole-core mean SG was significantly higher in the South Atlantic (0.486) compared with the other regions (mean = 0.455), which were not statistically different from each other. Trees from the South Atlantic have significantly higher whole-core SG because they contain significantly more latewood (40.1%) compared with trees growing in other regions (33.8%). Maps indicate that stands in the South Atlantic and Gulf regions have the highest SG at a given age. Stands growing on the northern and western fringe of the natural range of loblolly pine have the lowest whole-core SG.

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HUBUNGAN SPECIFIC GRAVITY KAYUDAUN TERHADAP SERAT DAN KUALITAS PULP (THE RELATIONSHIP OF HARDWOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY TO FIBER AND PULP QUALITY)

JURNAL SELULOSA ◽

10.25269/jsel.v7i02.96 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (02) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Wawan Kartiwa Haroen

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Statistical Regression ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Chemical Content ◽

Hardwood Pulp

The demand for hardwood pulp increased due to the limited hardwood in several countries and its advantage as raw material for paper or paper boards. The hardwood has a specific grafity ranging from low to high that causes the quality of pulp produced not uniform. The observation of specific gravity, fiber morphology, and chemical content of hardwood; and the quality of hardwood pulp have been done. FAO data were used to evaluate the fiber length, fiber wall, lignin, extractives, Kappa Number, and the quality of sulphate pulp. The sulfidity, active alkali, solid to liquor ratio, temperature, and cooking time of pulping process were 25%, 17%, 1 :4, 170°C, and 3.5 hours, respectively. The specific gravity of hardwood in the range of 0.30 to 0.99 was grouped into seven classes and analyzed by statistical regression. The specific gravity of the hardwood was associated withfiber morphology, chemical content, pulping, and pulp quality. The results showed that tha specific gravity of wood affects certain parameters with regression equation model that can be used for the selection ofwood raw materials for sulphate pulping. There is a tendency that the specific gravity can influence the hardwood fiber wall thickness, lignin content, pulp yield, Kappa Number, and the physical properties of pulp for tear and tensile srength. ABSTRAKPermintaan terhadap pulp kayudaun terjadi peningkatan akibat terbatasnya kayudaun di beberapa negara dan keunggulannya sebagai bahan baku kertas atau karton. Kayudaun memiliki specific gravity rendah sampai tinggi, menyebabkan kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan tidak seragam. Pengamatan specific gravity, morfologi serat,dan kandungan kimia kayudaun, serta kualitas pulp telah dilakukan. Evaluasi dilakukan menggunakan data FAO terhadap panjang serat, dinding serat, kadar lignin, ekstraktif, bilangan Kappa, dan kualitas pulp sulfat.Kondisi pemasakan sulfiditas 25%, alkali aktif 17% , ratio 1:4, suhu 170 o C, dan waktu 3,5 jam. Specific gravity kayudaun 0,30-0,99 dikelompokkan kedalam tujuh kelas dan dianalisis dengan statistik regresi. Specific gravity kayu sebagai data tetap dihubungkan dengan morfologi serat, kimia kayu, pulping, dan kualitas pulp. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa specific gravity mempengaruhi parameter tertentu dengan model persamaan regresi yang dapat digunakan untuk seleksi bahan baku hardwood untuk pembuatan pulp sulfat. Terdapat kecenderungan bahwa specific gravity kayudaun dapat mempengaruhi ketebalan dinding serat, kadar lignin, rendemen pulp, bilangan Kappa, sifat fisik pulp untuk sobek, dan tarik.

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Wood quality of white spruce from north central Alberta

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x84-035 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 181-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eugene I. C. Wang ◽

Michael M. Micko

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Wood Quality ◽

White Spruce ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Lake Area ◽

North Central ◽

Tracheid Length ◽

Wood Specific Gravity ◽

Variation Patterns ◽

Complex Variation

Wood specific gravity and tracheid lengths were measured from increment cores and discs of 10 white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) trees from each of four stands in the Slave Lake forest of north central Alberta. Such measurements were used to indicate the variation of wood properties among trees and within individual stems. The specific gravity of white spruce grown in the Slave Lake area was somewhat greater than that found in the Edson and Footner Lake areas reported earlier. Tracheid length was comparable to that found in trees from Footner Lake and longer than that from the Edson trees on the same age basis. Within a tree, growth rate affected wood specific gravity negatively. However, no correlation was evident between these parameters among trees. Seven trees were examined intensively to determine the variation of properties within the stem. The complex variation patterns from pith-to-bark and stump-to-crown are reported. Contrary to the Edson and Footner Lake trees, a very high corewood specific gravity was not observed. Tracheid length increased from pith to the periphery and from stump to crown.

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Coming To Grips With Wood Quality

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc58254-6 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 254-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert M. Kellogg

Keyword(s):

Wood Density ◽

Economic Effect ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Selection Criterion ◽

Tree Improvement ◽

Raw Material ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Secondary Importance ◽

Wood Volume ◽

Coastal British Columbia

This paper presents a discussion of the problems and opportunities in incorporating a consideration of wood quality into a tree improvement program. Attention is focused on the characteristic of wood density. The economic effect of a small (2%) change in western hemlock wood density as a raw material for pulp or lumber in Coastal British Columbia is predicted. Wood density as a selection criterion in a breeding program is of secondary importance to wood volume, but the potential loss in value and productivity through not considering wood density is simply too great to ignore.

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Polysulfide-borohydride modification of southern pine alkaline pulping integrated with hydrothermal pre-extraction of hemicelluloses

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj10.7.9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 9-16

Author(s):

SUNG-HOON YOON ◽

HARRY CULLINAN ◽

GOPAL A. KRISHNAGOPALAN

Keyword(s):

Loblolly Pine ◽

Sodium Borohydride ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Hot Water ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Paper Strength ◽

Southern Pine ◽

Two Stage ◽

Simultaneous Treatment ◽

Process Modification

We studied three process modifications to investigate their effects on the property and yield recovery capabilities of kraft pulping integrated with hemicellulose pre-extraction of southern pine. Loblolly pine chips were pre-extracted with hot water until the sugar extraction yield reached the targeted value of 10% and then subjected to conventional and modified kraft pulping. Modification included polysulfide pretreatment; polysulfide-sodium borohydride dual pretreatment, and polysulfide followed by polysulfide-sodium borohydride dual pretreatment two-stage pretreatments prior to kraft pulping. In the first modification, about 5% of the lost pulp yield (total 7%) caused by hemicellulose pre-extraction could be recovered with 15%-20% polysulfide pretreatment. Complete recovery (7%) was achieved with simultaneous pretreatment using 15% polysulfide and 0.5% sodium borohydride with 0.1% anthraquinone in polysulfide-sodium borohydride dual pretreatment. Two-stage pretreatment using recycled 15% polysulfide followed by simultaneous treatment of 6% polysulfide and 0.4%–0.5% sodium borohydride with 0.1% anthraquinone also achieved 100% yield recovery. Continuous recycling of 15% polysulfide employed in the two-stage process modification maintained its yield protection efficiency in a repeated recycling cycle. No significant changes in paper strength were found in handsheets prepared from the three process modifications, except for a minor reduction in tear strength.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROTATIONALLY MOLDED PET MICROFIBRIL REINFORCED COMPOSITES

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s021797920604177x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (25n27) ◽

pp. 4613-4618 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. J. T. LIN ◽

D. BHATTACHARYYA ◽

S. FAKIROV

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Polymer Processing ◽

Raw Material ◽

Medium Density ◽

Reinforced Composites ◽

Rotational Molding ◽

Commercial Scale ◽

Strength And Stiffness ◽

Set Up

Being a fast growing plastic manufacturing industry, rotational molding has been using the linear polyethylenes extensively as the raw material. As these materials have shown insufficient mechanical properties for certain applications where strength and stiffness of the products are the main concerns, worldwide rotational molders have expressed a need for stronger and stiffer materials to be available for rotomolding. A possible attractive solution may be the recently developed microfibril reinforced composites (MFCs). Blends of linear medium density polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate (LMDPE/PET) with an MFC structure are manufactured on a commercial-scale set-up and thereafter used in rotational molding. The samples are characterized morphologically and tested mechanically. The results obtained show that the MFC-concept has good application opportunities in the polymer processing including rotational molding.

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Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d200826 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Nurul Chaerani ◽

DEDE J SUDRAJAT ◽

ISKANDAR Z SIREGAR ◽

ULFAH J SIREGAR

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Wood Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Basic Density ◽

Progeny Testing ◽

Pilodyn Penetration

Abstract. Chaerani N, Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Siregar UJ. 2019. Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2295-2301. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of growth and wood quality in white jabon progeny test at 54 months old in Parung Panjang, Bogor. The 105 half-sib families obtained from 12 provenances were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Wood quality was assessed both in a non-destructive way using a pilodyn and by destructive method using wood sample taker. Results indicated that the mean value ranged from 5.10 to 10.15 m for height, 6.67 to 15.30 cm for diameter, 2.30 to 3.62 cm for pilodyn penetration, 0.66 to 0.82 g/cm3 for wood density, 0.33 to 0.50 for specific gravity, and 66 to 111 % for moisture content, respectively. There were significant differences among 105 families for all traits except moisture content. The high heritability estimate was found for height (0.4-0.69) and basic density (0.27-0.59). Applying 80% selection intensity on diameter and leaving 84 best families in each block will produce a high total genetic gain. Pilodyn penetration had negative correlation with diameter, wood density, and specific gravity.

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Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment of corn stover with pH adjustment on properties of pulp and hydrolysate

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.6826-6839 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 6826-6839

Author(s):

Junjun Kong ◽

Ling Zhang ◽

Ziyi Niu ◽

Rina Wu ◽

Gaosheng Wang

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Corn Stover ◽

Ph Value ◽

Major Product ◽

Hydrothermal Pretreatment ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Yield ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Industrial Utilization ◽

The Relationship

In view of environmental and economic issues, co-production technology with pulp as the major product is an important developmental direction in biorefinery. In this paper, high-yield pulp was prepared by hydrothermal pretreatment with controlled pH and subsequent mechanical refining using corn stover as raw material. By adding acetic acid or sodium hydroxide, the properties of the hydrolysate and the pulp were altered. Reducing the pH during hydrothermal pretreatment resulted in more cellulose and hemicellulose being released, while less lignin was released. Increased pH led to more lignin being released, while dissolution of carbohydrates did not change significantly. A maximum pulp yield at pH 5.84 of hydrolysate was obtained when 3.0% sodium hydroxide was used. The strength of pulp is highly related to the removal of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment. The relationship between pH value in hydrothermal pretreatment and the physical properties of the pulp was established and could be further used for prediction and as guidance for process control. Moreover, the results could be used to develop technologies for industrial utilization of agricultural straw to co-generate fiber and other bio-based products.

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Place of Wood Specific Gravity in the Development of Advanced-Generation Seed Orchards and Breeding Programs

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/6.3.177 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 177-180

Author(s):

J. B. Jett ◽

J. T. Talbert

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Second Generation ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

The North ◽

Wood Specific Gravity ◽

High Heritability ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Advanced Generation

Abstract Data from thinnings of 11 genetic tests with an average age of 10 years and from 364 eight-year-old second-generation selections were analyzed to provide an estimate of gain from one cycle of selection for wood specific gravity. Utilizing mid-parent, mature, wood specific gravities and progeny juvenile wood specific gravities, coefficients of genetic prediction, CGP = 0.55 and 0.41, were calculated for the genetic test thinning sample and second-generation selection sample. Expressed as a percentage of the mean, gain from selection was calculated to be 2.6 percent. A strategy was also developed to include wood specific gravity in the North Carolina State Cooperative's second-generation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) improvement program. High heritability figures indicate little need to develop extensive family information for wood specific gravity in advanced-generation breeding programs.

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