Pei Xiu (791–864) and Lay Buddhism in Tang Chan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-101
Author(s):  
Jiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Active Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lay Buddhism

Abstract Pei Xiu 裴休 (791–864) was a literati follower of Buddhist teachers, among whom the two most eminent were Zongmi 宗密 (780–841) and Huangbo Xiyun 黃檗希運 (?–850). These two teachers had notably different spiritual orientations: one was the synthesizer of Chan and Huayan teachings, the other a member of the more radical Hongzhou 洪州 school. Rather than passively patronizing Buddhist teachers, Pei Xiu served as an active agent of his own religiosity and influenced Buddhist communities broadly. Through examining Pei Xiu’s Quanfa putixin wen 勸發菩提心文 [Essay Exhorting the Generation of Bodhicitta], Chuanxin fayao 傳心法要 [Essentials of The Transmission of Mind], which he prefaced and edited, and his various prefaces and epitaphs written for Zongmi and other monks, this study scrutinizes the transformation of early Chinese Chan communities before they were reimagined as ‘mature’ and ‘classical’ in later times.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
James M. Neill
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Hemolytic Activity ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Organic Peroxide ◽  
Cell Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Stability

In the present work on oxidation and reduction by sterile extracts of pneumococcus, the preparations employed contain among other constituents, a hemolytic substance the properties of which have been described by Cole (1, 2) in his studies on pneumococcus hemotoxin. Pneumococcus extracts prepared by the methods described are actively hemolytic, 0.005 cc. of extract causing complete lysis of 2.5 cc. of a 1 per cent suspension of red cells from rabbit blood. This hemolytic property of pneumococcus extracts is destroyed by 10 minutes exposure to 55°C. When pneumotoxin-containing extracts are protected from the action of molecular oxygen, their hemolytic activity remains unimpaired for considerable periods of time. In the presence of air, on the other hand, the stability of the hemolytic substance depends upon whether the particular type of extract contains a "complete" or "incomplete" oxidation-reduction system. Sterile broth extracts of unwashed pneumococci are reactive with molecular oxygen, and as a result of this union peroxide is formed whenever these extracts are exposed to air. The hemolytic activity of "complete" extracts of this type is rapidly decreased and finally destroyed in the presence of molecular oxygen. On the other hand, the "incomplete" type of extract prepared by saline extraction of washed pneumococci may be exposed to air with little or no loss of hemolytic power. This "incomplete" washed cell extract, unless reactivated, does not undergo autoxidation in the presence of air; under these circumstances peroxide is not formed and the hemolytic activity of this type of extract is not impaired by exposure to air. The stability of the hemolytic agent in the "incomplete" type of extract is evidence that this substance is itself not reactive with or affected by molecular oxygen, even in the presence of the cell enzymes. The destruction of the same hemolytic substance in extracts capable of undergoing autoxidation may be ascribed to the action of some peroxide formed by the union of molecular oxygen with easily oxidized or autoxidizable substances of the extract. It is now known that a peroxide, having the reactions of hydrogen peroxide, accumulates in sterile pneumococcus extracts during oxidation. It has been shown in the present study that the addition of preformed hydrogen peroxide destroys the hemolytic activity of pneumococcus extracts, although higher concentrations were required than were detected in oxidized extracts themselves. These facts and the known action of superoxides in analogous types of reaction make it seem not unlikely that the active agent in the destruction of pneumotoxin in oxidized cell extracts may be a peroxide; either hydrogen peroxide or some higher organic peroxide formed during autoxidation of the extract.

scholarly journals COLLABORATORS, COLLABORATION, AND THE PROBLEMS OF EMPIRE IN NAPOLEONIC ITALY, THE OPPIZZONI AFFAIR, 1805–1807

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMBROGIO A. CAIANI
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Local History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fine Line ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
Going Native

ABSTRACTThe recent bicentennial commemorations of the Napoleonic empire have witnessed a proliferation of new studies. Scholars now possess much more sophisticated conceptual tools than in past decades with which to gauge the problems faced by French imperial administrators throughout Europe. Well-trodden concepts, like centre/periphery or collaboration/resistance, have been reinvigorated by more sophisticated understandings of how rulers and ruled interacted in the early nineteenth century. This article argues that, while much progress has been made in understanding problems of ‘resistance’, there is more to be said about the other side of the same coin, namely: ‘collaboration’. Using the micro/local history of a scandal in Napoleonic Bologna, this article wishes to reaffirm that collaboration was an active agent that shaped, and often shook, the French imperial project. The biggest problem remained that, despite ‘good intentions’, collaborators sometimes simply did not collaborate with each other. After all, imperial clients were determined to benefit from the experience of empire. The centre was often submerged by local petty squabbles. This article will use a specific micro-history in Bologna to highlight the extent to which Napoleonic empire builders had to thread a fine line between the impracticalities of direct control and the dangers of ‘going native’.

Designing affect into security: shared situational awareness protocols and the habit of emergency response

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-470
Author(s):  
Nathaniel O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Protocol Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Affective Attunement

The article engages with and extends emergent debates regarding the envelopment of affective life in practices of security through research into the design of shared situational awareness protocols used in emergency response. Crafted to address what are commonly called ‘multi-agency’ incidents, shared situational awareness protocols aim to generate real time, dynamic understandings of emergency situations that can be held consensually among different authorities in order to facilitate coordinated modes of intervention. I draw on recent conceptualisations in cultural geography of the notion of habit in two ways to explore how such protocols enrol, regulate and mobilise the affective capacities of responder bodies to orchestrate emergency response. Habit first opens up to consideration the complex temporality that protocols may inscribe into the embodied performance of emergency response. Read in relation to habit, protocols appear as security techniques that simultaneously formulate response into a sequence of actions in anticipation of emergencies whilst enabling responders to adapt to emergencies as volatile situations unfolding in an indeterminate, real-time present. Second, habit orients exploration towards the modes of affect-based sense-making practices that protocols seek to integrate into this performance. On one hand, protocols have been designed with the goal of affording responder bodies the capacity to enact what Brian Massumi refers to as affective attunement as a means to render emergencies intelligible. On the other, protocol design seeks to inculcate responder bodies with the capacity to execute what I call ‘empathic sense-making’ whereby authorities are able to coordinate with one another by operating with a perception of the emergency that traverses the confines of their immediate spatial and temporal embodied encounter with it. Synthesising protocol design with habit ultimately reveals much about how emergency planners consider bodily capacity an active agent that both guides the structure of intervention and enrols particular modes of cognition into emergency response and security.

In vitro synergy of β-lactam combinations against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 3515-3520
Author(s):  
Alexander Lawandi ◽  
Gleice Leite ◽  
Matthew P Cheng ◽  
Brigitte Lefebvre ◽  
Jean Longtin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Dose Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Time Kill

Abstract Background Double carbapenem therapy has been promoted as an alternative treatment for infections due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae where carbapenemase inhibitors are unavailable or when other agents have demonstrated toxicity with equally limited evidence. The capacity of other β-lactams and β-lactamase inhibitors to provide synergistic activity with carbapenems is unclear. Objectives This study sought to investigate the in vitro synergistic potential of other β-lactam/β-lactamase combinations with meropenem against KPC producers. Methods Time–kill assays were performed on 24 unique strains of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Combinations evaluated included meropenem or imipenem with one of the following: ertapenem, piperacillin/tazobactam or ceftolozane/tazobactam. Concentrations used for each drug were those considered physiologically attainable in patients with a time above the concentration exceeding 40%–50% of the dose interval. Combinations were considered to be synergistic when they reduced bacterial cfu/mL by ≥2 log10 at 24 h as compared with the single most active agent. Results The combination of piperacillin/tazobactam with meropenem was found to be synergistic against 70.8% of the isolates, followed by ertapenem with meropenem (58.3%) and ceftolozane/tazobactam with meropenem (41.7%). The piperacillin/tazobactam combination was found to be more bactericidal than the other combinations, with 58.3% of isolates demonstrating a ≥4 log10 cfu/mL reduction at 24 h, as compared with 37.5% for ertapenem and 20.8% for ceftolozane/tazobactam combinations. Conclusions The combination of piperacillin/tazobactam with meropenem may be a potential therapy against KPC-producing K. pneumoniae when other therapies are unavailable or prohibitively toxic.

scholarly journals Halogenating Enzymes for Active Agent Synthesis: First Steps Are Done and Many Have to Follow

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 4008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Veljko Fejzagić ◽  
Jan Gebauer ◽  
Nikolai Huwa ◽  
Thomas Classen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Chlorine ◽  
Fine Chemical ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Halogens can be very important for active agents as vital parts of their binding mode, on the one hand, but are on the other hand instrumental in the synthesis of most active agents. However, the primary halogenating compound is molecular chlorine which has two major drawbacks, high energy consumption and hazardous handling. Nature bypassed molecular halogens and evolved at least six halogenating enzymes: Three kind of haloperoxidases, flavin-dependent halogenases as well as α-ketoglutarate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent halogenases. This review shows what is known today on these enzymes in terms of biocatalytic usage. The reader may understand this review as a plea for the usage of halogenating enzymes for fine chemical syntheses, but there are many steps to take until halogenating enzymes are reliable, flexible, and sustainable catalysts for halogenation.

scholarly journals Levinas and the Significance of Passivity in the Christian Religious Experience

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
James Cyfko
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Face

Abstract Analyzing the tendency of Christian believers to rationalize the religious experience of the face of the Other, I reveal through Levinas, how, in doing so, they paradoxically neglect to perceive God, who is love. I will focus on the appropriate response shown by both Levinas and Christ in the inter-human drama, specifically, that of passive kenosis, as opposed to self-preserving activity. In undergoing the an-archic passion of the Other, I encounter a possibility of transformation from my self qua ego which disconnects me from reality, to my self qua responsibility which throws me back into my finitude. This becomes most powerful upon experiencing the Crucifixion of Christ, as ‛I’, as active agent, become traumatically substituted by ‛me’, as passive recipient. When I surrender to this accusative gaze of the face of Christ which pierces my egoistic shell, I encounter, according to Levinas, the infinite demands of the vulnerable Other haunting me before ontological qualification. In this, I experience the trace of the inescapable Infinite who calls me to holiness. This holiness can only be reached if I cease to manipulate God, instead allowing him the freedom to do with me as he wills through the self-emptying passivity which Levinas describes.

scholarly journals A epistemologia na didática da matemática em completude com a tecnologia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Helena de Andrade ◽  
Rannyelly Rodrigues De Oliveira ◽  
Raphael Alves Feitosa
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conception Of Teaching ◽  
Didactics Of Mathematics ◽  
Teaching Situations

Resumo: O presente trabalho visa discutir a epistemologia em duas vertentes: uma relacionada com a metodologia do professor e a outra com o conhecimento científico dos conceitos matemáticos, a fim de inserir uma abordagem epistemológica na concepção de situações de ensino. Além do mais, o atual cenário educacional tem apresentado um caráter tecnológico, assim, é necessário que o professor de Matemática resignifique sua prática pedagógica a fim de aprimorar sua metodologia de ensino, recorrendo ao uso de tecnologias, e ampliar seu repertório conceitual. Nesse sentido, pretende-se alcançar a discussão sobre uma realização didática centrada no aluno e que esteja adequada a sua realidade. Pode-se compreender que a função do professor em instigar a cognição do sujeito, enquanto agente ativo da aprendizagem está intrinsecamente relacionada aos aspectos didáticos e epistemológicos do conhecimento.  Palavras-chave: Epistemologia. Didática da Matemática. Tecnologia. Cognição.  THE EPISTEMOLOGY IN THE DIDACTICS OF MATHEMATICS IN COMPLETUDE WITH THE TECHNOLOGY  Abstract: The present work aims at discussing epistemology in two aspects: one related to the methodology of the teacher and the other with the scientific knowledge of mathematical concepts, in order to insert an epistemological approach in the conception of teaching situations. Moreover, the present educational scenario has presented a technological character, so it is necessary that the Mathematics teacher re-signify his pedagogical practice in order to improve his teaching methodology, using the technologies, and expand his conceptual repertoire. In this sense, it is intended to reach the discussion about a didactic accomplishment centered on the student and that is adequate to its reality. It can be understood that the teacher's role in instigating the cognition of the subject as an active agent of learning is intrinsically related to the didactic and epistemological aspects of knowledge.Keywords: Epistemology. Didactics of Mathematics. Technology. Cognition.   

scholarly journals Controlled Release Compound Based on Metanilate-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrid

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 5921-5928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Zobir Hussein ◽  
Norashikin Mat Nasir ◽  
Asmah Hj Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Mother Liquor ◽  
Organic Anion ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Metal Cations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Double Hydroxide

Metanilate-layered double hydroxide nanohybrid compound was synthesized for controlled release purposes through co-precipitation method of the metal cations and organic anion. The effect of various divalent metal cations (M2+), namely Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the formation of metanilate-LDH nanohybrids, in which metanilate anion was intercalated into three different layered double hydroxide (LDH) systems; Zn-Al, Mg-Al and Ca-Al were investigated. The syntheses were carried out with M2+ to Al3+ initial molar ratio, R of 4. The pH of the mother liquor was maintained at pH 7.5 and 10 during the synthesis, and the resulting mixture was aged at around 70 °C for about 18 h. The intercalation of metanilate anion into the host was found to be strongly influenced by the M2+ that formed the inorganic metal hydroxide layers. Under our experimental condition, the formation of the nanohybrid materials was found to be more feasible for the Zn-Al than for the other two systems, in which the former showed well-ordered layered organic–inorganic nanohybrid structure with good crystallinity. Intercalation is confirmed by the expansion of the interlayer spacing to about 15–17 Å when metanilate was introduced into the interlamellae of Zn-Al LDHs. In addition, CHNS and FTIR analyses also support that metanilate anion has been successfully intercalated into the interlamellae of the inorganic LDH. Apart from M2+, this study also shows that the initial pH of the mother liquor plays an important role in determining the physicochemical properties of the resulting nanohybrids, especially the mole fraction of the Zn2+ substituted by the Al3+ ion in the LDH inorganic sheets which in turn controlled the loading percentage of the organic anion, surface properties and the true density. Preliminary study shows that LDH can be used to host beneficial guests, active agent with controlled release capability of the guests. Generally the overall process is governed by pseudo second order kinetic but for the first 180 min, the release process can be slightly better described by parabolic diffusion than the other models.

scholarly journals Mediation: education for human rights and skills in the culture of dialogue

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
Helena Pérez Beltrán
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Way

Mediation is proving to be an effective way to manage conflicts in a constructive way. But mediation not only helps to solve specific problems, because its potential encompasses aspects of greater complexity. Thus, mediation helps us to know ourselves better, to better understand others, and to use what we have learned to better manage future conflict situations. In a society where there is no culture of agreement and where there is no education in the field of emotions, mediation becomes an adequate and effective tool to resolve conflicts in a peaceful and constructive manner. On the other hand, mediation allows the parties to take responsibility for the resolution of their own conflict, to be active agents in the process. The greater the citizens’ participation in the different decision making processes, the more democratic a society will be. That is why, in the restoration of social peace, citizenship should play a role as an active agent, and mediation is a suitable instrument for this purpose because the individuals in conflict find the way to solve it without third party impositions.

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