Performance Evaluation of New Zealand White Rabbits Fed Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Meal as Replacement for Soya Bean Meal

Feeding trial was conducted in 18 plastic tanks (60 x 45 x 30 cm) to assess the performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed diets containing fermented Mucuna pruriens leaf meal as an alternative protein source to soya bean meal. Five isonitrogenous (crude protein-40%) diets were formulated containing fermented Mucuna leaf meal (FMLM) at A(100% FMLM), B(75% FMLM), C(50% FMLM), D(25% FMLM) and E(0% FMLM) and were fed at 5% body weight to triplicate groups of 10 fingerlings (initial mean weight ranged from 6.20± 1.96g – 6.80± 1.97 g) of C. gariepinus for a period of twelve (12) weeks. Growth performance and feed utilisation parameters indicate that E(0% FMLM) diet gave the highest weight gain (168.87± 3.97g) but did not significantly (P≥0.05) differ from D(25% FMLM), (161.30±6.12 g), and the lowest weight gain (89.70± 1.96 g) was recorded in A(100% FMLM). Similarly, the highest specific growth rate (3.79±0.03 g) was recorded in E(0% FMLM) followed by D(25% FMLM) (3.74±0.04 g), and the least value (3.10±0.02 g) was obtained in A(100% FMLM). However, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and gross feed conversion efficiency (GFCE) were not significantly different (P≥0.05) among the dietary treatments. The highest (1.72±0.12) and least (1.50±0.02) FCR were obtained in A(100% FMLM) and E(0% FMLM) respectively. The result from this study indicates that fermented Mucuna leaf meal could replace soya bean meal up to 25% in the diets for C. gariepinus fingerlings without compromising growth and feed utilisation.

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Performance, carcass characteristics and economics of production of broilers fed diets containing Gliricidia sepium leaf meal as replacement for soya bean meal

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v45i5.209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 46-51

Author(s):

M. A. Ayoola ◽

K. B. Balogun ◽

M. H. Ogunsipe

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Gliricidia Sepium ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Gain Ratio ◽

Leaf Meal ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

The Cost

This study was conducted to assess the growth performance, carcass traits and economics of production of broiler fed soya bean replaced with gliricidia sepium leaf meal diet. One hundred, 4 weeks old broiler chickens were randomly distributed to five treatments of two replicates with t10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed trial diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels of soya bean replaced with G. sepium leaf meal for five weeks. Parameters measured included weight gain, weight of feed consumed, feed gain ratio, price per kg of feed, price per kg of broiler and weights of carcass parts among others. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance. Results showed that weight gain were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the dietary treatments. Feeding trial exerted effects on feed intake however, feed gain ratio and feed efficiency were not significantly different (P>0.05). No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in thigh, wing and breast muscle weights of the birds fed G. sepium meal substituted diet however, liver weight was significantly affected by the diet. Price/kg of feed reduced with increased G. sepium in the diets but the cost per/kg animal produced was not significantly affected (P>0.05). It could therefore be suggested that soya bean meal could be replaced with G. sepium leaf meal up to 40% level without adverse effect on performance and weights of major primal parts of the bird. This will also reduce the cost of feed and competition for soya beans between man and livestock industry.

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A study of the protein and amino acid requirements of the growing New Zealand White rabbit with emphasis on lysine and the sulphur-containing amino acids

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19780075 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 601-613 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

D. Spreadbury

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

New Zealand ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Soya Bean ◽

N Retention ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Groundnut Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

1. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were given, between 4 and 8 weeks of age, a range of diets, based on oats and fish meal, containing from 104 to 255 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP)/kg to establish the level of CP below which growth was retarded.2. In three experiments each diet was fed to four animals and food intake, growth and N balance were measured over 4 weeks. Body analysis was also carried out after two of the experiments.3. The rates of food intake and growth of animals increased with dietary CP concentration until a CP concentration of approximately 150 g/kg diet had been reached. Beyond this there was little further improvement. N balance studies showed that once this dietary concentration of CP had been reached, there was a reduced rate of N retention.4. Good agreement was found between N retention measured by balance methods and by body analysis: body composition showed a tendency towards an increase in fat and a decrease in N as the dietary protein concentration was reduced.5. Microbial protein produced in the caecum and eaten during coprophagy, was found to supplement the dietary protein by approximately 2 g CP/d, or by only 0.1 of a normal dietary intake of CP.6. In the second part of the study NZW rabbits were offered, between 5 and 8 weeks of age, diets based on oats containing 150 g CP/kg. The protein supplied by oats was supplemented with maize gluten, gelatin, groundnut meal, casein, soya-bean meal or fish meal.7. Rabbits offered diets containing casein, soya-bean meal and fish meal gained 40–50 g/d similar, to animals given a well-balanced control diet, while those given diets containing maize gluten, gelatin or groundnut meal gained approximately 30 g/d. This indicated that amino acid balance in dietary protein was important to the growing rabbit.8. In later experiments, diets based on cereals and groundnut meal supplemented with varying amounts of lysine and methionine were offered during a 3-week post-weaning period in order to assess requirements for those limiting amino acids.9. The addition of both lysine and methionine improved growth rates. The minimum requirements for normal growth were found to be 6.2 g methionine+cystine and 9.4 g lysine/kg diet.

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PSVII-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Microwave heat treatment feed effect on ruminal degradability and intestinal protein digestibility - a brief review

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.607 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 342-343

Author(s):

Md Safiqur Rahaman Shishir ◽

Muhammad Jamal Khan ◽

Hassan Khanaki ◽

Graham Brodie ◽

Brendan Cullen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Canola Seed ◽

Intestinal Protein ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Soya Bean Meal

Abstract Rumen degradability of crude protein (CP) of feed is a major factor that determines the utilization of CP in ruminant production. This study briefly reviewed the findings from six international studies of microwave (MW) heat treatment effect on feed CP rumen degradability and intestinal CP digestibility. Six in vitro studies of concentrate feed (canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, cottonseed meal, corn, and barley) showed a decrease in effective rumen degradability of dry matter and protein by 4–40% and 17–40%, respectively compared to control group (untreated concentrate feed). Among the six studies, four studies identified the MW heat treatment effect on intestinal protein digestibility. Due to MW heat treatment, canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, and cottonseed meal showed an increase in intestinal CP digestibility by 17%, 20%, 21%, and 19%, respectively. Overall the briefly reviewed studies showed that, MW heat treatment substantially reduced feed CP ruminal degradability and increased in vitro CP digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP.

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Evaluation of rumen protected rapeseed expeller (NovaPro) as an alternative to soya bean meal in dairy cow diets

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114816 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 114816

Author(s):

Philip C. Garnsworthy ◽

Neil Saunders ◽

Jennifer R. Goodman ◽

Michael Marsden

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cow ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

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Responses of lactating ewes, offered fresh herbage indoors and when grazing, to supplements containing differing protein concentrations

Animal Production ◽

10.1017/s0003356100019012 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 403-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

P. D. Penning ◽

R. J. Orr ◽

T. T. Treacher

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Lamb Growth ◽

Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.

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The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19850133 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 483-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. A. Greife ◽

J. A. Rooke ◽

D. G. Armstrong

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

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The effect of feeding high levels of low-quality proteins to growing chickens

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114575000426 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 363-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

E. Wetnli ◽

T. R. Morris ◽

T. P. Shresta

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Food Utilization ◽

The Third ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Groundnut Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

1. Three growth trials were done using male broiler chicks. In the first two trials, groundnut meal was used, with and without supplementary methionine and lysine. In the third trial, soya-bean meal was used with and without supplementary methionine. Protein levels ranged in the first trial from 120 to 420 g/kg diet and in the third trial from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Thus the assumed minimal amino acid requirements of the chick were supplied by high levels of low-quality dietary protein.2. Diets based on cereals and groundnut meal did not support maximum live-weight gain or maximum efficiency of food utilization at any level of dietary protein. When the principal deficiencies of lysine and methionine were corrected, this protein mixture was capable of supporting the same growth rate as a control diet of cereals and herring meal.3. Diets based on maize and soya-bean meal did not support quite the same growth rate as similar diets supplemented with methionine, even though the protein level in the unsupplemented diets was sufficient to meet the assumed methionine requirements.4. These results are interpreted as examples of amino acid imbalance in diets composed of familiar feeding-stuffs. It is concluded that one cannot assume that the poor quality of a protein source can always be offset by increasing the concentration of dietary protein.

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Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19770010 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 93-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Anne U. Gjøen ◽

L. R. Njaa

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Male Rats ◽

Curvilinear Relationship ◽

Casein Diet ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Effect On Growth

1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet.2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when tested as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine.3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth.4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meals used were low in cystine.5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given.6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.

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