scholarly journals Tak zwani „tutejsi” na Polesiu jako zagadnienie polityczne w Polsce w latach 1921–1939

2015 ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Piotr Cichoracki
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Military ◽  
Made In

So-called ‘tutejsi’ in Polesia as a political issue in Poland, 1921–1939This article is an attempt to present the problem of repercussions of the assumption made in the Second Polish Republic that in Polesia there was a compact several hundred thousand group of people that do not have a modern national consciousness. In the interwar period this group was commonly referred to as ‘tutejsi.’ The issue is examined from three perspectives. The first is to reconstruct the position taken in this case by the Polish science, especially the authors gathered around the Institute for Nationalities Affairs (Instytut Badań Spraw Narodowościowych). The second part of the article presents opinions functioning about so-called ‘tutejsi’ in the Polish public opinion. The difference between points of view arising in the 1920s and ’30s is exposed here. The third part focuses on the actions taken by the Polish authorities. In the first half of the ’20s an assumption was formulated that in Polesia this group was dominant, therefore actions must be taken for its Polonization. After the military coup in 1926, the existence of ‘tutejsi’ was to a large extent disputed. The authorities stated that Polesia was populated mainly by Belarusians and Ukrainians. The reversal of this policy dates back to the early 1930s. The theory of the existence of ‘tutejsi’ – and at the same time their domination in Polesia – returned. It was believed they should be not only subject to Polonization, but also that they are particularly susceptible to it.

scholarly journals Newspaper Discourse as a Type of Mass Information Discourse

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Yu. Karpenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mass Information

The article focuses on the main features of newspaper discourse as a mass information discourse type. On the basis of known in linguistics classifications of the discourse the place of newspaper discourse among them has been analyzed and defined as evaluative, extensive, compelling, interlocutory and manipulative. Its main functions (informing and influencing) and categories (cognitive, communicative, metadisсursive) have been singled out. The newspaper discourse has been considered from the points of view of the addresser and the addressee of media messages. As the recipient of newspaper communication is the mass audience with different interests, knowledge degree, intelligence, background, age, culture, life experience, and geographical location, the addresser should solve a difficult problem of engaging the interest to their edition of the most part of this audience. For this purpose, authors use different models of covering the material (actual and author’s), as well as means and devices of presenting the information by selecting the expressive verbal and nonverbal components corresponding to the addressee, appealing to their consciousness, influencing them by means of a combination of expressiveness and standardization. In the article the difference between the terms “mass information media” (MIM) and “mass communication media” (MCM) has been explained. Thus, MIM are monological, unidirectional and responsible for mass informing of the society, whereas MCM, forming public opinion, influence public and individual consciousness, create situations of dialogueness/interactivity, and multidirectional information flow. The comprehensive purposes of a newspaper discourse, such as informing, influencing the reader and forming public opinion, have also been outlined, especially referring to electronic newspapers, MCM of the new age. It has been defined that these convergent media as the center of a modern newspaper discourse are easily accessible, fast, popular with youth, have additional opportunities (photos or videos, comments, discussions, hyperlinks to other sources, two-way communication), and therefore the addresser has a more effective influence on the necessary category of addressees.

scholarly journals کتاب " القطوف الدانیہ فی تحقیق الجماعۃ الثانیہ "کی تلخیص و مستنبطات اور جماعتِ ثانیہ میں کراہتِ تحریم کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Al-Duhaa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 328-337
Author(s):  
Dr. Qaisar Bilal Khattak ◽  
Mr. Nasir Mehmood Khattak ◽  
Dr Sadiq Ali Khattak
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Common People ◽  
Public Places ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clear Line ◽  
Made In

The fact that always be considered is the contemplation of internal feelings of every practiced Muslim to please Almighty Allah. It occurs via observing and following His commands and orders through prescribed manner of the Messenger Muhammad Peace Be upon Him, but sometimes it becomes so complex and multipart to identify the right step of actions, streamline with shariah standards even difficult to recognize the difference between preferred and Non-preferred, lawful and prohibited. So among these situations, second congregational prayed in one masjid, an issue faced by common people. The classical literature is the witness of unanimous ruling in two situations of second congregational prayer; i.e. congregation (Jama’at) in the Masjid and congregation in public places. The third situation requires little deep understanding to know the actual ruling of shariah, which is congregation (Jama’at) in the same Masjid but appointed Imam performs original Jama’at. Different scholars have presented different opinions. This paper emphasis on the third situation where the detailed discussion has been made in the light of the mentioned book in the title to draw the neat and clear line of action for the practiced Muslim along with the provision of different narrations and Shariah rulings in order to interpret the reality and to avoid all sort of confusions.

Corinna

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. West
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

In the controversy over the date of Corinna, the following points may be taken as agreed:1. An edition was made in Boeotia about the end of the third or beginning of the second century B.C.2. The texts of Corinna current in the late Hellenistic and Roman periods were all descended from that Boeotian edition.3. Before its dissemination, Corinna was unknown in Greece at large. If she wrote at an earlier period, she must have been remembered only locally.The difference between Boeotian spelling of the fifth century and that of the fourth is very great: but the difference in this respect between the mid-fourth century and the late third or early second is comparatively slight. It is therefore tenable that whereas there would be a good reason for the re-spelling of fifth-century Boeotian into the later convention of any period, there would be no obvious or adequate reason for re-spelling Boeotian of the fourth century into the orthography of the third, or that of the third into that of the second. Even those features of fourth-century spelling which have ceased to preponderate are by no means unknown or even uncommon at the end of the third century.

The Mamlūk institution in early Muslim India

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
The Third ◽  
European Model ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
The Military

When Muslim forces under the Ghurid sultan, Mu'izz al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sām, made their first major breakthrough into Hindūstān in the 1190s, they brought with them two institutions that had long since taken root in the Islamic world. One was the iqṭā' or assignment of land or its revenue, in some cases in return for military service (sometimes misrepresented as “fief” on the Western European model). The other was the mamlūk, or military slave. Mamlūk status, it should be stressed, bore none of the degrading connotations associated with other types of slavery: mamlūks – generally Turks from the Eurasian steppelands – were highly prized by their masters, receiving both instruction in the Islamic faith and a rigorous training in the martial arts, and were not employed in any menial capacity. The mamlūk institution, whose origins go back to the first century of Islam, came into vogue from the first half of the third/ninth century, as the ‘Abbasid Caliphs built up a corps of Turkish mamlūk guards and their example was followed, with the disintegration of their empire, by the various autonomous dynasties that sprang up in the provinces. Turkish slave officers themselves went on to found dynasties, as in the case of the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids in Egypt and the Ghaznawids in the eastern Iranian world. The institution surely entered upon its heyday in the seventh/thirteenth century, with the military coup of 648/1250 in Cairo: a group of mamlūk officers overthrew the last Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and inaugurated a regime in which slave status was the essential qualification for high military and administrative office.

scholarly journals Friends or foes? Brazil, the IMF and the World Bank, 1961–1967

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Carlo Edoardo Altamura ◽  
Claudia Kedar
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
The Imf

Between June 1959 and March 1964, the democratic governments of Brazilian presidents Juscelino Kubitschek (January 1956 – January 1961), Janio Quadros (January–August 1961), Ranieri Mazzilli (August–September 1961) and João ‘Jango’ Goulart (September 1961 – April 1964) received no support from the World Bank (WB), which refused to fund even a single new project during this period. During this same period, and, more specifically, between July 1958 and January 1965, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the WB's twin institution, granted financial assistance to Brazil only twice: a controversial and highly conditional Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) signed in May 1961; and a non-conditional and automatically approved Compensatory Financial Facility (CFF), granted in May 1963 to compensate Brazil for the decrease in coffee prices on the international market. This attitude towards Brazil changed significantly following the military coup of March 1964. Money flowed into the country and by 1970 Brazil had become the largest receiver of WB funds and a chronic borrower from the IMF, signing two SBAs in 1965, and one per year between 1966 and 1972. We use recently disclosed material from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank archives to analyse the relationship of these two institutions with Brazil and to foster the debate on their political neutrality, arguing that the difference in the IMF's and especially the WB's relations with the military regime reflected, more than anything else, the existence of an ideological affinity between the parties with regards to the ‘right’ economic policy.

scholarly journals Unifikacja i kodyfikacja wojskowej procedury karnej w II Rzeczypospolitej

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-173
Author(s):  
Tomasz Szczygieł
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prior Experiences ◽  
The Military ◽  
Made In

Numerous changes were made in the Polish legal system in the interwar period. Not only did the unification and codification of common law take place but also of the regulations present in the court-martial. However, the court-martial regulations were compiled in a completely different way. The Codification Commission was not concerned in the issue at all. All of the unification and codification work in the armed forces was completed atthe Ministry of Military Affairs. Since the very beginning of the Polish Republic, there was awareness that one of the priorities of the forming army was the need to unify the military criminal procedure. This goal was achieved relatively fast as it was finished by the mid-1920s. It was possible due to the limitation of doctrinal discussions and due to the involvement of a small circle of military attorneys in the process. The criminal procedure of the Austrian military from 1912 was adopted as the unification solution after it was appropriately adjusted to the realities of the system and to the organization of the Polish army. The codification of the military criminal procedure did not take place until the mid- 30s of the 20th century. The development of the code was entrusted to Colonel Marian Buszyński from the Department of Justice of the Ministry of Military Affairs. He prepared the code of military criminal procedure in 1936. It combined the prior experiences of the military justice with the model of the criminal procedure present in common courts. Despite the indubitable similarities with the common criminal procedure, the military code was an original work. It included numerous and distinct legal solutions. Among them were both the ones which were completely different from the civilian procedure due to the specificity of the army as well as the solutions which functioned previously only in the sphere of doctrinal discussions.

scholarly journals POLSKA POLITYKA HISTORYCZNA W OCENIE ZYGMUNTA WOJCIECHOWSKIEGO W OKRESIE MIĘDZYWOJENNYM

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Maciej Marszał
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The University

Zygmunt Wojciechowski’s Assessment of the History-Based Policy in the Interwar PeriodSummary This paper will provide an analysis of the History-Based Politics in thoughts of Zygmunt Wojciechowski (1900–1955) – history profesor at the University of Poznań, co-founder of the Baltic Institute (Instytut Bałtycki) in Toruń, publicist of the “Avant-garde” and expert on PolishGerman relations. Wojciechowski in Polish political thought was a representative of the Integral Polish nationalism (polski nacjonalizm integralny), which meant synthesis of national and state’s demands. He opted for the ideological formula in order to reach an agreement between the political heritage of Roman Dmowski and the Józef Piłsudski’s political reforms. For Wojciechowski, a professor of history, an important element of national consciousness was the historical awareness that the Polish state must continuously maintain through History-Based Policy. According to him, this policy should focus on three main issues: First, the expansion on the tradition referring to the beginning of Polish statehood. Second issue would be to make Poles aware of their international situation, especially in the context of their struggle with the Germanic and Prussian element. And the third issue would be to revise and update the values of the Constitution of May 3. It should be noted that the views of Zygmunt Wojciechowski on History-Based Policy in the interwar period were a part of a political discourse. His bold and uncompromising thoughts of the Polish-German relations and the demand to return the “Lands of Piasts” (ziemie Piastów) constituted an important element of the Integral Polish nationalism. It wouldn’t be too far-fetched to say that the desire to carry-on the political will of Jan Ludwik Popławski and bring the Poles back to their “ancestral lands” (ziemie macierzyste) was present in Polish historical consciousness of the interwar period.

scholarly journals The Flight and Fall of King Juan Carlos I

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vernikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
The Military

The article examines the factors that eroded the authority of the royal court of Juan Carlos I which is a key institution in the Spanish governance system. Juan Carlos is regarded for his patriotic stance during the transition from dictatorship to democracy and his pivotal role in the suppression of the military coup of February 23, 1981. Political pluralism and democratism also contributed to the authority of Juan Carlos. For many years, monarchy has been perceived as a guardian of stability in the country and was acceptable even to millions of republican-minded citizens. The author tracks how the Spanish public opinion turned away from Juan Carlos after the disclosure of illegal financial transactions and ugly details of his private life. The King was forced to abdicate and transfer the power to his son Felipe.

Ragam Bangunan Perundang-Undangan Hukum Keluarga di Negera-Negara Muslim Modern: Kajian Tipologis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Miftahul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Fourth Type ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
The Difference

The reality of the difference in applying Islamic law in the context of marriage law legislation in modern Muslim countries is undeniable. Tunisia and Turkey, for example, have practiced Islamic law of liberal nuance. Unlike the case with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates that still use the application of Islamic law as it is in their fiqh books. In between these two currents many countries are trying to apply the law in their own countries by trying to bridge the urgent new needs and local wisdom. This is widely embraced by modern Muslim countries in general. This paper reviews typologically the heterogeneousness of family law legislation of modern Muslim countries while responding to modernization issues. Typical buildings seen from modern family law reforms can be classified into four types. The first type is progressive, pluralistic and extradoctrinal reform, such as in Turkey and Tunisia. The second type is adaptive, unified and intradoctrinal reform, as in Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Algeria and Pakistan. The third type is adaptive, unified and intradoctrinal reform, represented by Iraq. While the fourth type is progressive, unifiied and extradoctrinal reform, which can be represented by Somalia and Algeria.

Gaunilo Parodies Anselm

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-71
Author(s):  
Geo Siegwart
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Logical Reconstruction ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
And Function

The main objective is an interpretation of the island parody, in particular a logical reconstruction of the parodying argument that stays close to the text. The parodied reasoning is identified as the proof in the second chapter of the Proslogion, more specifically, this proof as it is represented by Gaunilo in the first chapter of his Liber pro insipiente. The second task is a detailed comparison between parodied and parodying argument as well as an account of their common structure. The third objective is a tentative characterization of the nature and function of parodies of arguments. It seems that parodying does not add new pertinent points of view to the usual criticism of an argument.

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