scholarly journals Averaging performances of orientations decrease in proportion to depth increase

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2474
Author(s):  
Hikari Takebayashi ◽  
Jun Saiki
Keyword(s):  
Depth Increase

Pressure variation in a fluid at rest (hydrostatics)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Escudier
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Pressure Variation ◽  
Constant Density ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Hydrostatic Equation ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
Pressure Changes

The three fundamental principles for the variation of static pressure p throughout a body of fluid at rest are (a) the pressure at a point is the same in all directions (Pascal’s law), (b) the pressure is the same at all points on the same horizontal level, and (c) the pressure increases with depth z according to the hydrostatic equation. dp/dz= ρ‎g For a fluid with constant density ρ‎, the increase in pressure over a depth increase h is ρ‎gh, a result which can be used to analyse the response of simple barometers and manometers to applied pressure changes and differences. In situations where very large changes in pressure occur an equation of state may be required to relate pressure and density together with an assumption about the fluid temperature. The hydrostatic equation is still valid but more difficult to integrate, as illustrated by consideration of the earth’s atmosphere.

scholarly journals On the Dragging Trajectory of Anchors in Clay for Merchant Ships

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Xinqing Zhuang ◽  
Keliang Yan ◽  
Pan Gao ◽  
Yihua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Test System ◽  
Flow Rule ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Anchor dragging is a major threat to the structural integrity of submarine pipelines. A mathematical model in which the mechanical model of chain and the bearing model of anchor were coupled together. Based on the associated flow rule, an incremental procedure was proposed to solve the spatial state of anchor until it reaches the ultimate embedding depth. With an indirect measurement method for the anchor trajectory, a model test system was established. The mathematical model was validated against some model tests, and the effects of two parameters were studied. It was found that both the ultimate embedding depth of a dragging anchor and the distance it takes to reach the ultimate depth increase with the shank-fluke pivot angle, but decrease as the undrained shear strength of clay increases. The proposed model is supposed to be useful for the embedding depth calculation and guiding the design of the pipeline burial depth.

No-tillage furrow opener performance: a review of tool geometry, settings and interactions with soil and crop residue

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Kojo Atta Aikins ◽  
James B. Barr ◽  
Mustafa Ucgul ◽  
Troy A. Jensen ◽  
Diogenes L. Antille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Furrow Opener ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Depth Increase

The primary features of an effective and efficient furrow opener include controlled soil disturbance and low draught and vertical force requirements. When integrated in a no-tillage seeding system, furrow openers should also have the ability to assist, and not hinder, the functions of seeding system components – such as maintaining adequate surface residue distribution, accurate and uniform placement of seeds and fertiliser, and regular inter-plant spacing. This review highlights how these goals are affected by opener type, geometry and settings, and soil and residue conditions. Typically, tine openers cause greater soil disturbance than disc openers whereas disc openers are likely to cause residue hairpinning. Winged tine openers reduce residue interference with seed placement and support greater lateral seed spread. Inverted-T openers can achieve subsurface soil shattering, which helps conserve moisture and provides good seed–soil contact. A tine opener with concave cutting edge reduces soil disturbance relative to straight and convex cutting edges. Increasing rake angle, tine width and operating depth increase degree of soil disturbance and draught requirement. Increasing forward speed reduces residue interference with sowing but might decrease the accuracy and uniformity of depth and separation of seed and fertiliser placement. Relative to common openers, bentleg openers have lower draught and penetration force requirements while combining minimal lateral soil throw with high furrow backfill, even at speeds of up to 16 km h–1. The performance of bentleg openers need to be evaluated under residue conditions and in cohesive and adhesive soils. Recommendations for future research are presented.

FEA of SAW penetration of Ramor 500 steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1192-1198
Author(s):  
Ali Kaya Gur ◽  
Semih Taskaya ◽  
Subramaniam Shankar ◽  
Thangamuthu Mohanraj
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Welding Seam ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
Thermal Cooling ◽  
Submerged Arc

Abstract Ramor 500 steel plates are used as a ballistic material due to their greater hardness and strength properties. This steel can be produced with a 2-30 mm thickness sheet which may attain 505-590 HV hardness. In the present work, Ramor 500 steel pairs are joined using a submerged arc welding (SAW) process and taking various parameters into consideration. An austenitic additional wire is used for the welding process which contains Cr, Ni, and Mn. The source model prototype was developed using ANSYS software and considering a time-dependent three dimensional thermal model with source cooling. The highest tensile stress voltage value was determined in the sample applying a constant current of 250 A, 25 V and 30 cm × min-1welding speed. It was observed that the welding seam width increases as welding tension grows and that welding height and depth increase and decrease more or less in tandem. A ANSYS thermal cooling analysis revealed that welding tension grows with heat transfer which increases 15 mm from the main center of the welding area.

Influence of Forming Velocity on Service Performance of Resistance Wall Structural Die

2013 ◽  
Vol 683 ◽  
pp. 552-555
Author(s):  
Lu Li ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Forming Load ◽  
Optimal Service ◽  
Die Surface ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
Filling Capacity

A crankshaft pre-forging with the resistance wall structural die is analyzed by the finite element method. The influence of forming velocity on the filling capacity, the maximum forming load, die surface temperature and wear depth is discussed. The results show that the values of the maximum forming load, die surface temperature and wear depth increase, while the minimum unfilled distance decreases as the forming velocity increases. It is found that increasing the value of forming velocity is benefit for improving the filling capacity. However, excessive forming velocity increasement may results in poor service life of tools. When die wear, production efficiency and cost be considered, it is indicated that the range of the forming velocity is 10-100 mm/s, the process has the optimal service performance. The analysis and conclusions in this paper are helpful in developing the technology specification of newly developed resistance wall structural die.

scholarly journals Mixing Phenomenon and Flow Field in Ladle of RH Process

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitian Zhang ◽  
Heng Cui ◽  
Rudong Wang ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Vacuum Chamber ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Mixing Layer ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Rh Process ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
The One ◽  
Gas Blowing

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was adopted to investigate the relationship between the mixing phenomenon and the flow field of a 210 t RH degasser by a 1:4 scale water model. The results of mixing simulation experiments indicated that the mixing time decreased with the increase of gas blowing rate. However, with the increase of Snorkel immersion depth (SID), the mixing time presented a decreasing rend firstly and then increased. The measurement of flow fields of RH ladle by PIV system can explain the phenomenon above. According to the characteristics of the flow field in RH ladle, the flow field can be divided into the mixing layer, the transition layer, and the inactive layer. On the one hand, the stirring power in RH ladle and vacuum chamber both increases with more gas blowing rate, leading to the decrease of mixing time. On the other hand, with SID increases from 400 mm to 480 mm, the gas blowing depth increase results in the mixing power increases, and the mixing time decreases at the beginning. Because of too much-molten steel in the vacuum chamber and the expanding of the inactive layer in RH ladle, however, the utilization rate of the gas driving force begins to decrease. Therefore, the mixing time started to increases with the increase of SID.

FLOOD FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AND BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN NON-VEGETATED COMPOUND STRAIGHT CHANNELS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (9-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazlin Jumain ◽  
Zulkiflee Ibrahim ◽  
Zulhilmi Ismail ◽  
Mohd Fuad Samsudin ◽  
Muhd Zubair Tajol Anuar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Mobile Bed ◽  
Load Transport ◽  
Bed Load Transport ◽  
Flow And Sediment Transport ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
Bed Slope ◽  
Overbank Flows ◽  
Flood Flow

Floods are the most common natural disasters in Malaysia and have damaged structures, infrastructures, crops and even causes fatalities. It may also lead to erosion and sedimentation in rivers and this will result to complex river behaviour.  A hydraulic laboratory experimental study was carried out. Also, flood flow and sediment transport in straight compound channels involving flow resistance, distribution of depth-averaged velocity, stream-wise vorticity patterns, channel bed morphology and bed load transport rate in non-vegetated compound straight mobile bed channels were investigated. The finding showed that the Darcy Weisbach friction factor  f  increased by 40% and 54% for floodplain and main channel, respectively when relative flood flow depth increase from 0.30 to 0.50. The small bed load transport rates of 0.09 g/s and 0.03 g/s for shallow and deep overbank flows, respectively were measured due to effect of very gentle or mild channel bed slope which was fixed at a gradient of 0.1%. 

Effect of Notch Depth on the Butt-Joint under Izod Impact Test with Material Properties and Mechanics Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ling Zheng ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Min You ◽  
Wen Jun Liu ◽  
Kai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Load ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Butt Joint ◽  
Notch Depth ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Adhesively Bonded ◽  
Izod Impact ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
The Impact

The effect of the notch depth on the impact toughness of the adhesively bonded steel butt joint under Izod impact test is studied using both the finite element method and experimental method. The results obtained from numerical simulation showed that the response time with the peak stress Seqv occurred becomes little longer when the notch depth increased from 2 mm to 8 mm. And a negative longitudinal stress occurred when there is an 8 mm depth notch which might be beneficial to subject impact load. The results from the experiments showed that the effect of notch depth is evidently on the Izod impact properties. The impact energy absorbed by unit area of joint is increased as the notch depth increase

scholarly journals Temperature and moisture distribution in a highway in south-eastern Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 02005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagdat Teltayev ◽  
Elena Suppes
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Moisture Variation ◽  
Special Measurement ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature Variations

The matters of investigation for water thermal regime of pavement and subgrade structures of the highways are especially important as the moisture and temperature distribution in pavement and subgrade layers impact greatly on their deformation and strength indicators. Experimental results, which can be obtained by special measurement devices, are primary ones for establishing of peculiarities and regularities for distribution and migration of heat and moisture in the mentioned structural elements of the highways. Special measurement devices are required to obtain such experimental data. The paper shows the results for analysis of temperature and moisture variation in points of pavement and subgrade of “Almaty-Bishkek” highway. Temperature measurement has been performed by set of special sensors. Regular temperature and moisture measurement have been performed for the period from September 18, 2015 to June 2, 2016. Regularities for temperature regime variation in points of pavement for 24 hours are coordinated with air temperature variations. Amplitude of vibration for temperature is decreased with the depth increase. Moisture in subgrade points is gradually decreased with the reduction of daily average air temperature.

Influence of SO2 Concentration on Initial Corrosion of Aluminum in Marine Atmosphere

2006 ◽  
Vol 15-17 ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Sheng Han ◽  
Di Li ◽  
Tian Liang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
Potential Change ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Corrosion Morphology ◽  
Single Arc ◽  
Depth Increase ◽  
So2 Concentration

Influence of SO2 concentration on initial corrosion of aluminum was studied in simulated marine atmosphere. Variation of initial corrosion morphology, relation between weight gain and time in the course of initial corrosion, corrosion speed (token with maximum pitting depth and weight gain) were analyzed and discussed. Primary results is list below: In marine atmosphere, SO2 sedimentation above 0.1 mg/100cm2 can accelerate Al pitting with low Cl- sedimentation. Both corrosion weight gain and pitting depth increase obviously. For pitting surface of LY12 with SO2 and Cl- sedimentation, corrosion potential change little, Nyquist Graph was single arc of capacitance resist with retractile real part, Rr can’t reflect corrosion degree.

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