scholarly journals Enhancing Drought Monitoring and Early Warning for the United Kingdom through Stakeholder Coinquiries

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Hannaford ◽  
Kevin Collins ◽  
Sophie Haines ◽  
Lucy J. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drought Monitoring ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drought Preparedness ◽  
Monitoring And Early Warning

Abstract Drought is widely written about as a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, with complexity arising not just from biophysical drivers, but also human understanding and experiences of drought and its impacts. This has led to a proliferation of different drought definitions and indicators, creating a challenge for the design of drought monitoring and early warning (MEW) systems, which are a key component of drought preparedness. Here, we report on social learning workshops conducted in the United Kingdom aimed at improving the design and operation of drought MEW systems as part of a wider international project including parallel events in the United States and Australia. We highlight key themes for MEW design and use: “types” of droughts, indicators and impacts, uncertainty, capacity and decision-making, communications, and governance. We shed light on the complexity of drought through the multiple framings of the problem by different actors, and how this influences their needs for MEW. Our findings suggest that MEW systems need to embrace this complexity and strive for consistent messaging while also tailoring information for a wide range of audiences in terms of the drought characteristics, temporal and spatial scales, and impacts that are important for their particular decision-making processes. We end with recommendations to facilitate this approach.

A study of the functions of political appointees from a comparative perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110369
Author(s):  
Jun Makita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Real ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Appointees

In this article, the functions of political appointees have been classified by an index on the relation between politics and bureaucracy. Based on that classification, the real states of four democracies, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Japan, have been examined. From this study, the causation consisting of the politico-administrative relation (concretely, the insider-outsider factor and the line-staff factor), the independent value, and the political appointees' functions (advice, decision-making and interface between politicians and civil servants), the dependent value, has been confirmed. Through this examination from a comparative perspective, a proposal of generalization about the political appointees' functions has been presented.

Dialysis decision making in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK McKenzie ◽  
AH Moss ◽  
TG Feest ◽  
CB Stocking ◽  
M Siegler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Landscape of Participant-Centric Initiatives for Medical Research in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan: Scoping Review (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nao Hamakawa ◽  
Rumiko Nakano ◽  
Atsushi Kogetsu ◽  
Victoria Coathup ◽  
Jane Kaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Scoping Reviews

BACKGROUND Information and communication technology (ICT) has made remarkable progress in recent years and is being increasingly applied to medical research. This technology has the potential to facilitate the active involvement of research participants. Digital platforms that enable participants to be involved in the research process are called participant-centric initiatives (PCIs). Several PCIs have been reported in the literature, but no scoping reviews have been carried out. Moreover, detailed methods and features to aid in developing a clear definition of PCIs have not been sufficiently elucidated to date. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review is to describe the recent trends in, and features of, PCIs across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. METHODS We applied a methodology suggested by Levac et al to conduct this scoping review. We searched electronic databases—MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PsycINFO, and Ichushi-Web—and sources of grey literature, as well as internet search engines—Google and Bing. We hand-searched through key journals and reference lists of the relevant articles. Medical research using ICT was eligible for inclusion if there was a description of the active involvement of the participants. RESULTS Ultimately, 21 PCIs were identified that have implemented practical methods and modes of various communication activities, such as patient forums and use of social media, in the field of medical research. Various methods of decision making that enable participants to become involved in setting the agenda were also evident. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review is the first study to analyze the detailed features of PCIs and how they are being implemented. By clarifying the modes and methods of various forms of communication and decision making with patients, this review contributes to a better understanding of patient-centric involvement, which can be facilitated by PCIs. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/resprot.7407

scholarly journals Implications for Northern Europe of the emergence of West Nile virus in the USA

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. GOULD
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The unexpected appearance of fatal encephalitis in six elderly people living in New York in 1999, heralded the re-birth of arbovirology in the United States of America. The subsequent rapid spread through North America and impact of the disease on humans, birds, horses and a wide range of other species including alligators and frogs, has brought West Nile virus (WNV) to the attention of governments and the media, worldwide. The response of the public in the United Kingdom has not been hysterical, despite being fuelled by press reports that scientists have demonstrated the presence of WNV antibodies in birds in the UK. Nevertheless, concern has been expressed by government bodies either directly or indirectly connected with the potential health problems that could arise if WNV was introduced and caused the same degree of morbidity and mortality as that seen in the USA. Is the concern justified and are we likely to see significant health problems associated with WNV if this virus is confirmed to be present and circulating amongst birds in the UK? In this review I shall try to put the virus in its true context and assess the risks that WNV might pose both to animals and humans in the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals Institutional Mechanism to Ensure National Security in the Information Space of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-279
Author(s):  
Sergii Bondarenko ◽  
Tetyana Nagornyak ◽  
Mykola Polovyi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
Information Space ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation

The paper is devoted to an analysis of the institutional mechanisms that ensure national security in the information space of several leading countries – the United States, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation. It is stated that institutional mechanisms that ensure national security in the information space of the leading countries all have a similar structure. The main components of these mechanisms involve public authorities (state leaders – president or prime minister, government, ministries, and agencies), local government bodies, civil society institutions, the academic community, business community, and the media. The gradual expansion of the system of institutions that ensure national security in the information space and increase in their powers occurs in all these states. The analysis also demonstrates the paradigm shifts in the development and implementation of US and UK information policy in the context of modern nonlinear processes. Paradigmatic shifts are currently being reoriented towards the interests and needs of target audiences, diversification of channels and mechanisms of the distribution of meaning (strategic narratives) in the information space, from vertical to horizontal interaction with internal and external audiences. Emphases are shifting to the involvement of a wide range of institutions and other stakeholders in the implementation of information policy and delegation of powers from the center to the periphery, while preserving the main parameters of the policy established by state structures.

Strengthening drought risk management and policy: UNESCO International Hydrological Programme's case studies from Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S2) ◽  
pp. 245-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Verbist ◽  
Abou Amani ◽  
Anil Mishra ◽  
Blanca Jiménez Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Drought Monitoring ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Monitoring And Early Warning

Droughts have resulted in significant socio-economic impacts in the regions of Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), especially in developing countries. The main gaps to mitigate its effects, identified in both Africa and LAC regions, include a lack of human and institutional capacity, a lack of access to relevant early warning information for decision-making, the identification of vulnerable communities within the countries and the integration of these two components into drought management policies. UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (UNESCO-IHP) has been providing support to enhance human capacity, policy guidance and tools to the countries to address drought-related challenges and this paper presents some examples. Through capacity building at regional institutions in Western, Eastern and Southern Africa, drought monitoring and early warning tools have been transferred and validated for inclusion into national climate risk management plans. In LAC, a drought atlas was produced to identify the frequency of meteorological droughts and the exposure of population to droughts. Also in LAC, national drought observatories were developed in two pilot countries, providing locally relevant and actionable drought monitoring and early warning information, socio-economic vulnerabilities and appropriate drought indicators for decision-making to strengthen current drought policies for these countries.

The penholder system and the rule of law in the Security Council decision-making: Setback or improvement?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Marie-Eve Loiselle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Council Decision

AbstractThis article analyses the decision-making process of the UN Security Council when it adopts outcome documents, such as resolutions, Presidential statements and press statements. It is commonly assumed that because of their veto power and permanency China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States have greater influence than their elected counterparts in shaping those outcomes. In recent years, that control has been strengthened by the penholdership system. Under this practice, one or more members, usually France, the United States or the United Kingdom (P3), take leadership over a situation on the agenda of the Council. When ‘holding the pen’ a member often decides what action the Council should take, then drafts an outcome document that it negotiates with other permanent members before sharing the text with elected members. This article explores the development of this practice and its impact on the respect for the rule of law in the Security Council’s decision-making process. It argues that, while concentrating power in the hands of the P3, hence diminishing transparency and the opportunity for all members to participate in the decision-making of the Council, at the same time the penholdership system also provides an avenue to strengthen elected members’ influence in ways that promote respect for the international rule of law.

scholarly journals Scientometric analysis of agricultural research area

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-74
Author(s):  
Виктор Благинин ◽  
Viktor Blaginin ◽  
Полина Акулова ◽  
Polina Akulova ◽  
Вероника Зырянова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. There is a wide range of article and literature in agricultural sciences, but only a few review of existing studies has systematically analyzed and visualized the trends in agricultural research. This study reviews agricultural research mainly published in the Scopus and Web of Science databases from 2013 to 2018 with the scientometric analysis. The main hot Research Fronts mainly cover research on plant-gene regulatory networks and genome editing; crop disease and pest control; food nutrition and safety; photosynthesis; plant rhizosphere microbial community; immunity of aquatic animals; and forest tree cultivation. The analysis covers 325 966 scientific research in General Agricultural and Biological Sciences in online tool SciVal (Scopus). Most frequently occurred keywords indexed in the research area are patients, cells, humans. Three subject area were identified with the combination of cluster analysis with VosViewer: „Medicine“, „Biochemistry, Genetic and Molecular Biology“, „Engineering“. Nearly half the papers (49,3 %) were published by the following three countries: the United States, China and the United Kingdom. Russia's contribution to the global ranking is 1,8 %. The most popular journals by average number of publication produced in the United Kingdom. Web of Science data analyzed with a tool InCites. The analysis covers 141 010 papers in categories „Agricultural Economics & Policy“, „Agricultural Engineering“, „Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science“, „Agriculture, Multidisciplinary“. Сompilation of bibliometric maps allows to identify the commonly used keywords: evidence, pretreatment, cattle, growth. Four research themes were identified with the combination of cluster analysis: „Material Science Multidisciplinary“, „Biochemistry and Molecular Biology“, „Engineering Electrical Electronic“, „Chemistry, Physical“. In the Web of Science, the most cited journals have been taken by the company „Elsiever“. The study revealed that the Scopus is a more developed database on the direction of agriculture. The potential of Russian journals is determined by sampling journals in the RSCI by the number of citations. This review provides an in-depth understanding of existing agricultural trends in this research domain.

scholarly journals The Market Valuation Of Earnings In Germany, The United Kingdom And The United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Myring ◽  
Rebecca Toppe Shortridge ◽  
William Wrege ◽  
Adlai Chester
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forecast Errors ◽  
Earnings Expectations ◽  
Unexpected Earnings ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earnings Releases

This paper examines a short-term market reaction to unexpected earnings in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. The results indicate that all three markets react quickly to earnings releases. Further, when changes in analysts forecasts are used as an indication of updated earnings expectations, all three markets respond as well. Thus, it appears that investors in both countries react to the release of unexpected earnings in a similar manner. We also examine the incremental explanatory power of analysts forecast errors over the change in earnings per share. As all three countries have well developed stock markets, investors are likely to formulate earnings expectations based on a wide range of financial and non-financial information, including analysts forecasts. Regression results indicate that in Germany, the UK and the US, both analysts' forecasts and earnings announcements are jointly associated with market returns suggesting that the analysts provide information incremental to that provided in earnings releases.

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