Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic: When Public Health and Tornado Threats Converge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig D. Croskery ◽  
Kathleen Sherman-Morris ◽  
Michael E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Public Places ◽  
The Public ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Public Health Officials

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in unprecedented challenges that dramatically affected the way of life in the United States and globally in 2020. The pandemic also made the process of protecting individuals from tornadoes more challenging, especially when their personal residence lacks suitable shelter, particularly for residents of mobile homes. The necessity of having to shelter with other families – either in a public shelter or at another residence – in order to protect themselves from a tornado threat conflicted with the advice of public health officials who recommended avoiding public places and limiting contact with the public to minimize the spread of COVID-19. There was also a perception that protecting against one threat could amplify the other threat. A survey was undertaken with the public to determine the general viewpoint to see if that was indeed the case.The results found that it was possible to attenuate both threats provided that careful planning and actions were undertaken. Understanding how emergency managers should react and plan for such dual threats is important to minimize the spread of COVID-19 while also maintaining the safety of the public. As there was no precedence for tornado protection scenarios amidst a pandemic, both short-term and long-term recommendations were suggested which may also be useful in future pandemic situations.

Acute Enteric Disease Outbreaks

2019 ◽  
pp. 421-436
Author(s):  
Ian T. Williams ◽  
Laura Whitlock ◽  
Matthew E. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Health Community ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
And Control ◽  
Investigation Process

Public health officials investigate outbreaks to control them, to prevent additional illnesses, and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks in the future. The process the public health community uses to detect, investigate, and control enteric (intestinal) disease outbreaks from food, water, and other sources involves certain procedural steps. These include detecting a possible outbreak, defining and finding cases, generating hypotheses about likely sources, testing the hypotheses and evaluating evidence, finding contamination sources, controlling the outbreak, and determining when the outbreak is over. Investigating outbreaks of acute enteric diseases can be a dynamic and complex undertaking involving multiple public health and regulatory partners in different jurisdictions. This chapter provides an overview of the investigation process with an emphasis on multijurisdictional foodborne illness investigations in the United States.

Impact of Public Health Equalization on Residents’ Health and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis from Jiangsu Province (2006–2015), China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Zhengyang Chen ◽  
Xinglong Xu ◽  
Dongfu Qian ◽  
Xiang Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
The Public

Abstract Public health equalization has a significant impact on residents’ health and economic growth. Recently, studies suggested the persistence of series of public health unequal issues in China, such as imbalanced government financial investment, unreasonable configuration of public health resources, etc. The healthcare system in Jiangsu province is a microcosm of the pattern of healthcare delivery in China. Identifying developmental differences in Jiangsu and consequential effect on healthcare output can serve as a good reference for comparing performance of healthcare facilities within China in general. Based on the Model of Health the Healthy Production from Grossman and Lucas’ New Endogenous Economic Growth Model, we selected data from China Statistical Yearbooks and Jiangsu Statistical Yearbooks. 13 cities in Jiangsu province were divided into three groups, categorized as economically developed areas, relatively economically developed areas and less-economically developed areas. The panel cointegration model and e PVECM PVECM error correction model based on E-G two-step method are utilized for empirical research. During the period of 2006–2015, there were differences between the short term effect and long term effect on regional development resulted by the public health equalization level of Jiangsu Province. In the short term, the healthcare investment equalization level has been improved, to a certain extent, which executes a certain promoting effect on the people’s health development and regional economic growth in the long term, which restraint the improvement and development of long term public health equalization level and stimulating on the residents’ health and economic growth. The government of China in general and Jiangsu province in particular could ensure the efficiency of public health human resources, reform the public hospital internal system and establish an effective competition system, aiming to improve the public health equalization and promote balanced development of residents’ health and economic growth.

Interests of Russia and US in Central Asia: Prospects of Possible Cooperation

2011 ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
S. Dorofeev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Will ◽  
Broad Meaning ◽  
Strategic Interest

The main idea of this article is to identify the strategic interests of Russia and the United States and their feasibility taking into account the operational institutions and historical experience of development in the Central Asia. Using in this analysis the concept of strategic interest the author comes to the following conclusions. Firstly, realization of the long-term interests is prevented by the will to obtain short-term benefits. Secondly, a discrepancy between the strategic interest and the “national interest” should be underlined since the latter has a too broad meaning and is often perceived only in the context of the public interest.

scholarly journals A Report Card on Prevention Efforts of COVID-19 Deaths in US

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
Ramalingam Shanmugam ◽  
Lawrence Fulton ◽  
Zo Ramamonjiarivelo ◽  
José Betancourt ◽  
Brad Beauvais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Government

COVID-19 (otherwise known as coronavirus disease 2019) is a life-threatening pandemic that has been combatted in various ways by the government, public health officials, and health care providers. These interventions have been met with varying levels of success. Ultimately, we question if the preventive efforts have reduced COVID-19 deaths in the United States. To address this question, we analyze data pertaining to COVID-19 deaths drawn from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For this purpose, we employ incidence rate restricted Poisson (IRRP) as an underlying analysis methodology and evaluate all preventive efforts utilized to attempt to reduce COVID-19 deaths. Interpretations of analytic results and graphical visualizations are used to emphasize our various findings. Much needed modifications of the public health policies with respect to dealing with any future pandemics are compiled, critically assessed, and discussed.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrance Rodrigues ◽  
Eric Deal ◽  
Kenneth Nugent ◽  
J. Drew Payne
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipoid Pneumonia ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonarydisease

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States has steadily increasedsince their introduction into the market in 2007. These devices deliver nicotine through thevaporization of a liquid which contains a vehicle (propylene glycol or glycerin), artificialflavoring, and nicotine. The combustion of these liquids creates a vapor containing particulates,multiple chemicals, and nicotine. The long-term safety of these products is unknown. Studiesin healthy, non-smoking volunteers and smokers with no clinical pulmonary disease havedemonstrated that the inhalation of e-cigarette vapor has minimal short-term effects onpulmonary function. The exposure of cell cultures to e-cigarette liquid or aerosols has beenshown to reduce cell viability, induce cytokine production, and cause oxidative stress. Theexposure of animals (mice and rats) to e-cigarette aerosols induces inflammatory responsesin the lungs and delays the clearance of bacterial and viral challenges. There are a smallnumber of case reports of patients developing acute pulmonary toxicity following the use ofe-cigarettes. Two patients have developed lipoid pneumonia following the use of e-cigarettesfor 3 and 7 months. Finally, several studies suggest that patients with chronic lung diseasewho switch from tobacco cigarettes to e-cigarettes can have improvement in lung function(asthmatics) and a reduction in the number of exacerbations (chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease). Clearly, the public and the medical profession need more information about thelong-term complications associated with the use of e-cigarettes and their benefit in smokingcessation efforts.Keywords: electronic

scholarly journals Beliefs about Mask Efficacy and the Effect of Social Norms on Mask Wearing Intentions for COVID-19 Risk Reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Bokemper ◽  
Maria Cucciniello ◽  
Tiziano Rotesi ◽  
Paolo Pin ◽  
Amyn A. Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Do So

AbstractIn the absence of widespread vaccination for COVID-19, governments and public health officials have advocated for the public to wear masks during the pandemic. The decision to wear a mask in public is likely affected by both beliefs about its efficacy and the prevalence of the behavior. Greater mask use in the community may encourage others to follow this norm, but it also creates an incentive for individuals to free ride on the protection afforded to them by others. We report the results of two vignette-based experiments conducted in the United States and Italy to examine the causal relationship between beliefs, social norms, and reported intentions to engage in mask promoting behavior. We find that providing factual information about how masks protect others increases the likelihood that someone would wear a mask or encourage others to do so in the United States, but not in Italy. There is no effect of providing information about how masks protect the wearer in either country. Additionally, greater mask use increases intentions to wear a mask and encourage someone else to wear theirs properly in both the United States and Italy. Thus, community mask use may be self-reinforcing.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that changing beliefs about mask efficacy and social norms increase mask wearing for COVID-19 risk reduction: Results from the United States and Italy

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258282
Author(s):  
Scott E. Bokemper ◽  
Maria Cucciniello ◽  
Tiziano Rotesi ◽  
Paolo Pin ◽  
Amyn A. Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Do So

In the absence of widespread vaccination for COVID-19, governments and public health officials have advocated for the public to wear masks during the pandemic. The decision to wear a mask in public is likely affected by both beliefs about its efficacy and the prevalence of the behavior. Greater mask use in the community may encourage others to follow this norm, but it also creates an incentive for individuals to free ride on the protection afforded to them by others. We report the results of two vignette-based experiments conducted in the United States (n = 3,100) and Italy (n = 2,659) to examine the causal relationship between beliefs, social norms, and reported intentions to engage in mask promoting behavior. In both countries, survey respondents were quota sampled to be representative of the country’s population on key demographics. We find that providing information about how masks protect others increases the likelihood that someone would wear a mask or encourage others to do so in the United States, but not in Italy. There is no effect of providing information about how masks protect the wearer in either country. Additionally, greater mask use increases intentions to wear a mask and encourage someone else to wear theirs properly in both the United States and Italy. Thus, community mask use may be self-reinforcing.

scholarly journals Investigating elevated copper and lead levels in school drinking water

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabjit Barn ◽  
Anne-Marie Nicol ◽  
Sylvia Struck ◽  
Sabrina Dosanjh ◽  
Raymond Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Effects

Copper and lead continue to be detected at levels above drinking water guidelines in Canadian schools. Although water is typically not an important source of these metals, intermittent use and corrosive water can cause copper and lead to leach from plumbing. Exposure to elevated copper levels is linked to acute gastrointestinal effects in the short term and possible liver effects in the long term, whereas even low level lead exposures are associated with neurodevelopmental effects. Because school water is not regularly monitored for corrosion metals, elevated concentrations are often brought to the attention of public health officials through unexpected circumstances. Here, the death of salmon eggs in a classroom aquarium triggered an investigation that found elevated levels of copper and lead in the school's drinking water. The investigation was then expanded to the school district. Copper and lead levels varied considerably across schools as well as in outlets located in the same school. The effectiveness of flushing, which was implemented as a mitigation strategy, was also found to differ by school building and outlet. Actions described in this case report may be informative for health authorities across Canada.

Evaluating the Financial Performance Through ‘Consumer Centric Decision’ Approach in Pharmaceutical Companies of Bangladesh: a Business Planning Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Md Mostafizur Rahman ◽  
Mahmud Uz Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Public ◽  
Investment Choice ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Business Analysis

Pharmaceuticals agglomerations consistently use their brand image and versatile product portfolios to consolidate their position in the financial sector, which is evident in their continuous profit making and expansion in market share. This paper explores the short-term and long-term investment attractiveness through ‘consumer centric decision’ approach in two selected pharmaceutical companies, Renata Limited and Orion Pharma Limited, of Bangladesh over the last three years’ period. This research adopts a systematic approach which primarily addresses the various concerns of investors to illustrate the decision-making process of the existing and future investors. Using primarily domestic transaction data, this study explores how the leading pharmaceuticals companies of Bangladesh effectively use the wide array of drug portfolios mix with appropriate branding techniques to increase their financial profit and market share simultaneously. Both SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces Model explore the business analysis of Renata Limited in compare to Orion Pharma Limited that provides a conclusion regarding investors’ decision to invest in Renata Limited. Considering the financial analysis, Renata’s financial liquidity is not very satisfactory and could have been improved further if management is prudent on financial strategy settings. Findings of the business analysis indicate that Renata Limited would be a good investment choice for existing and prospective shareholders based on its opportunities for long term and short term growth and further expansion in developing the market. The results suggest that even lower liquidity coupled with higher interest borrowings can be balanced by posing positive picture to the public shareholders by returning the positive dividend to them.

The Future of Muslim Education in the United States: An Agenda for Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Fathi Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Education ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
Future Plans

This paper addresses some of the Muslim community’s concerns regarding its children’s education and reflects upon how education has shaped the position of other communities in American history. It argues that the future of Muslim education will be influenced directly by the present realities and future trends within American education in general, and, more importantly, by the well-calculated and informed short-term and long-term decisions and future plans taken by the Muslim community. The paper identifies some areas in which a wellestablished knowledge base is critical to making decisions, and calls for serious research to be undertaken to furnish this base.

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