scholarly journals Marriage migration and the economic trajectories of first- and second-generation immigrants in Norway

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand A Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Marriage Migration ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Marriage Migrants ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First And Second Generation

Although marriage migration is an important route for immigration to Western Europe, little is known about how it is associated with the labour market trajectories of the minority populations involved. Using longitudinal population registry data on residents from a non-Western migrant background in Norway, this study compares the employment and earnings of those who ‘marry back home’, with those who find a spouse among Norwegian residents with the same national origin background. Following individuals up to 10 years before and after their first marriage (279,527 observations between 1993 and 2010), distributed fixed effects estimations suggest that the labour market trajectory is weaker in the years after marriage for those who have married marriage migrants, albeit the differences are small for men. For women from the first generation, marrying a marriage migrant is associated with lower employment and earnings, progressively declining with time. For women from the second generation, this relative decrease only holds for the labour earnings of employed women. Supplementary analyses indicate that the falling labour market trajectories of women marrying marriage migrants are related to lower educational attainment, higher fertility and stronger associations between motherhood and the labour market.

Assimilation of the Puerto Ricans on the Mainland

1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
John J. Macisco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Labor Force Status ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
First And Second Generation

Social scientists have repeatedly tried to specify the process whereby assimilation takes place. This article points out the value of socio-demographic analysis in the study of assimilation, by describing the characteristics of Puerto Ricans on the United States mainland. In order to assess the direction of change between the first and second generation Puerto Ricans, data for the total United States population are also presented. Most of the data are drawn from the 1960 Census. First generation Puerto Ricans are compared with the second generation along the following dimensions: age, education, labor force status, income, occupation, age at first marriage, percent outgroup marriage and fertility. The Author concludes that second generation Puerto Ricans are moving in the direction of total United States averages.

scholarly journals Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Samper ◽  
Michaela Kreyenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Marriage Migration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Marriage Migrants ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Female Marriage

Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.

Educational Hurdles on the Way to Structural Assimilation in Germany

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
KALTER FRANK ◽  
NADIA GRANATO
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ethnic Stratification ◽  
Migrant Groups ◽  
Reduced Scale ◽  
Labour Migrant

There are five major groups of classic ‘labour migrants’ in Germany: Greeks, Italians, (ex-)Yugoslavs, Turks, and Iberians, with the Turks being the largest single group. Today, there are significant numbers of second-generation men and women from these origins in the German labour market. More recently, they have been joined by a more diverse group of migrants from Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the (middle) East, and Africa. In the first generation, the labour-migrant groups had relatively low levels of education, leading to marked ethnic stratification within the labour market. This stratification continues in the second generation although on a reduced scale. While the second generation has acquired higher levels of education than the first, they still lag some way (the Turks especially so) behind native Germans in their education. Ethnic penalties in the labour market itself are also much reduced in the second generation, although significant penalties remain for Turks. However, most of the continuing ethnic stratification is due to processes that operate prior to entry into the labour market.

Kvindeidrættens pionerer og den moderne kvinde

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Else Trangbæk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Women's Sport ◽  
Sports Culture ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
And Training

En analyse af 1. og 2. generationspionererne inden for kvindeidræt og deres betydning for kvinders deltagelse i gymnastik og sport.The pioneers of women’s sport – and the modern womanThe article contains an analysis of early women’s sport in Denmark seen through the eyes of the first and second generation of sporting pioneers. By means of three approaches relating respectively to health and science, education and training and emancipation and sports culture, an attempt is made to create a balanced understanding of early developments up to the beginning of the 20th century with respect both to a delimitation of the period and to an ideological starting point. The analysis indicates that the period up until the beginning of the 20th century can be divided into periods before and after the 1880’s, after which time new knowledge regarding woman’s physical body takes on decisive significance for the understanding of femaleness. The first generation of pioneers were to a large extent in agreement in their views on sex and physical activity, while the second generation after about the 1880’s demonstrate at least two fundamentally different views on femaleness, sport and gymnastics. One view, which took an form of adjusted femaleness, inner emancipation and gymnastics as its point of departure, was associated with a view of the possibilities open to women during the period 1850-80 and before; the other view is associated with what I call in the article an extended femaleness, outer emancipation, gymnastics and sport and was linked to a modern way of thinking that lasted well into the 20th century.

The Farther They Come, the Harder They Fall? First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in the Swedish Labour Market

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN O. JONSSON
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Starting School ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
First And Second Generation

Sweden has been an immigrant country since World War II, with a mix of labour (especially from neighbouring Nordic countries) and refugee immigration up to the early 1970s and a large inflow of refugees, especially from the Middle East, after that. In 2002, almost 13 percent of the Swedish population was born in another country, summing up to more than one million inhabitants out of a total nine million. Labour immigrants arriving before 1970 used to have a labour-market achievement on a par with native Swedes. In recent decades, however, the first generation of immigrants, particularly those of non-European origin, have had relatively poor success in the labour market. This is counterbalanced by two facts: first, immigrants' labour-market attainment improves with years of residence in Sweden; second, there is considerable assimilation across generations. The second generation (born in Sweden, or who immigrated before starting school) do almost as well in the labour market as those with two Swedish-born parents. The remaining worry for this group is their relatively low employment rates.

TT virus contaminates first-generation recombinant factor VIII concentrates

Blood ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 2571-2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberta Azzi ◽  
Riccardo De Santis ◽  
Massimo Morfini ◽  
Krystyna Zakrzewska ◽  
Roberto Musso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Recombinant Factor Viii ◽  
Tt Virus ◽  
Recombinant Product ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Factor Viii Concentrates

Abstract Recombinant factor VIII and factor IX concentrates, human-plasma–derived albumin, and samples from previously untreated patients with hemophilia were examined for the presence of TT virus (TTV) by using polymerase chain reaction testing. Blood samples from the patients were obtained prospectively before and every 3 to 6 months after therapy was begun. TTV was detected in 23.5% of the recombinant-product lots and 55.5% of the albumin lots tested. Only first-generation factor VIII recombinant concentrates stabilized with human albumin were positive for TTV, whereas all second-generation (human protein–free) concentrates were negative for the virus. In 59% of patients treated with either first- or second-generation recombinant factor concentrates, TTV infection developed at some point after the initial infusion. Infection with TTV in these patients before and after treatment did not appear to be clinically important. Thus, first-generation recombinant factor VIII concentrates may contain TTV and the source of the viral contamination may be human albumin.

scholarly journals Why do first and second-generation young migrants volunteer? The Migrant Volunteerism Motivation Model (MVMM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1089-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Alfieri ◽  
Daniela Marzana ◽  
Sara Martinez Damia
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Process Model ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Motivation Model

The following study aims at inquiring into the motivations behind young migrants’ volunteerism in civic organizations in Italy, namely in starting and maintaining their engagement (preliminary vs. maintenance phase). The term “young migrants” refers to first and second generation of migrants who deal with two challenges: the transition to adulthood and the acquisition of a cultural identity. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 37 Sub-Saharan young migrants living in Italy (18-32 years old), 19 of first generation (1G) and 18 of second generation (2G). The Omoto and Snyder’s Volunteer Process Model (VPM, 1995) was used as an underpinning theoretical framework and a guide for the interpretations of the results. The findings indicate that a) motivations included in the VPM are also found for young migrants, b) some of these motivations take particular meaning for young migrants, c) some motivations are not included in the VPM and are specific of this sample. We named these last motivations: social norms, advocacy and ethno-cultural. In addition, some considerations may be advanced regarding the generation and the phase of motivation: 1G migrants are particularly moved by the importance of integration in the Italian context and by the promotion of their ethnic group while 2G migrants reported mostly the desire to understand their roots. The values, the concern for the community and the longing to develop relationships are the motivations for which all young migrants continue to volunteer; however, 1G migrants are also sustained by advocacy and ethno-cultural motivations. Implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals The performance and genetic variation of first and second generation tropical alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Suwignyo ◽  
LUKMANA ARIFIN ◽  
NAFIATUL UMAMI ◽  
MUHLISIN MUHLISIN ◽  
BAMBANG SUHARTANTO
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
First And Second Generation

Abstract. Suwignyo B, Arifin L, Umami N, Muhlisin, Suhartanto B. 2021. The performance and genetic variation of first and second generation tropical alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Biodiversitas 22: 3265-3270. This study aimed to compare the growth performance, nutrient content, seed viability, and genetic variation of first- and second-generation alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). First and second-generation alfalfa seeds were obtained from the Forage and Pasture Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia. First generation alfalfa (F1) seeds were obtained from cross breeding of two different parental alfalfa varieties, namely, Canadian and local. The second-generation (F2) seeds were obtained from plants of the first-generation alfalfa (F1). A randomized design experiment was conducted using the two types of alfalfa (first- and second generation). Alfalfa from Canada as female parent was used as the baseline in the genetic masker test. Seeds were planted in a polybag, watered twice a day, and received 12 hours of daylight and 4 hours of artificial light. Plants were then harvested 8 weeks after planting by cutting the plant canopy. Genetic variation was examined using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) method followed by descriptive analysis. Germination, plant height, dry matter content, organic matter, and crude protein were assessed as variables using a Student’s T-test. Our results showed that germination, plant height, leaf color, and nutrient content (dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein) of the first- and second-generation alfalfa plants were not significantly different. However, the second-generation alfalfa demonstrated better seed viability than the first generation plants, then it can be categorized as a new genotype (tropical alfalfa) based on genetic variation analysis.

Differential Impairments in Incentive Learning Caused by First‐ and Second‐ Generation Antipsychotic Drugs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Florczynski
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Operant Chamber ◽  
Incentive Learning ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Natural Response ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotic ◽  
First And Second Generation

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by increased function of dopamine in the brain.  Dopamine release is a natural response to reward.  It promotes incentive learning (IL), a process by which neutral stimuli acquire the ability to elicit approach and other responses.  A recent model characterizes dopamine‐mediated IL as a progressive process with early and late stages accompanied by a shift in neural control from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS).  A parallel can be drawn to differences in regionally specific neural responses generated by first‐ and second‐generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs) used to treat schizophrenia.  APDs are dopamine receptor antagonists, but first‐generation APDs affect the NAc and DLS while second‐generation APDs affect primarily the NAc.  We compared the effects of APDs on IL. Rats (N = 48) were trained to press a lever forfood pellets in an operant chamber.  Intraperitoneal injections (1 hr before testing) of the first‐generation APD haloperidol (0,0.05,0.10,0.20 mg/kg) or of the second‐generation APD risperidone (0,0.20,0.40,0.80 mg/kg) induced dose‐dependent suppression of lever pressing on days 1‐4, with the highest dose groups failing to demonstrate any evidence of previous learning on day 5 when tested drug‐free.  On days 16‐20 haloperidol induced a day‐to‐day suppression not seen with risperidone.  The results suggest that the effects of first‐ and second‐generation APDs on learning processes putatively mediated by the NAc and DLS can be differentiated experimentally.  The findings imply that APDs may differentially affect IL inpatients with schizophrenia.  

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