Entrepreneurship, Conflict, and Peace: The Role of Inclusion and Value Creation

2021 ◽  
pp. 000765032110402
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph ◽  
Harry J. Van Buren
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
Paradox Theory

Conflict zone entrepreneurs—local entrepreneurs running small businesses in conflict settings—have paradoxical impacts on stability: holding the ability both to foster peace but also to enhance conflict. Prior scholarly work has been unable to explain this divergence, as existing entrepreneurial indicators do not account for fundamental peacebuilding elements. In response, the article consolidates divergent fields of study, applies paradox theory to analyze underlying tensions in the field, and reframes entrepreneurship through a peacebuilding lens based on intergroup inclusivity and value-creating business practices. Using several cases, this article shows how entrepreneurial activity in conflict zones can foster sustainable peace, limited peace, or conflict, arguing that entrepreneurship based on value-creating and inclusive practices can result in pro-peace outcomes. The article offers policy recommendations for local governments and the humanitarian sector seeking to use entrepreneurship in conflict zones to promote peace.

THE ROLE OF FAMILY START UPS IN THE EMERGENCE OF A SMALL BUSINESS SECTOR IN BULGARIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 351-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENISE FLETCHER ◽  
EMIL HELIENEK ◽  
ZVETA ZAFIROVA
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Family ◽  
Start Ups

It is widely reported that entrepreneurial activity has a significant role to play in transition economies such as Central and Eastern Europe but little is known about the role that the family unit plays in facilitating small business emergence in the former command economies. This is surprising given that the link between family and small business development has been widely researched in market economies. In this study, attention is drawn to the role that family relations and resources play in small business emergence. The study focuses on Bulgaria, a country in the Balkans with much cultural diversity and which became a European Union member in 2007–8. Analysis is undertaken of research material drawn from a survey of 69 small firms. 42% of the surveyed firms are two generation businesses involving the entrepreneur and children or parents. 35% of the businesses are three generation businesses involving the lead entrepreneur, parents, children and siblings. The remaining 33% are firms that are run by couples and/or siblings. This suggests that the family household is the key channel for (and of) small business formation. In neglecting the role of family start-ups, this gives a false understanding to the role that households and families sometimes contribute to the economy. At the same time, it is also partly because of this dependency on family relations and resources that small businesses become rooted in the 'informal economy' — an economy that is based on family favours and which it is difficult to break out of.

AN APPRAISAL OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF HUMANITARIAN MISSIONS IN CAMEROON’S CONFLICT ZONES (NORTH-WEST AND SOUTH-WEST REGIONS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Eugene Muambeh Muntoh
Keyword(s):  
International Aid ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
South West ◽  
Source Materials

Humanitarian actors have become quite noticeable in the field of humanitarian missions in Cameroon ever since the outbreak of the “Anglophone” crisis in the North-west and South-west Regions. Even though, humanitarian actors have engaged fully in the fight against social injustice and human rights, most of them are considered feeble owing to their reliance on subsidy from government and international aid bodies. This study seeks to examine the basis and the role of humanitarian missions in the conflict hit north-west and south-west regions of Cameroon. The paper further scrutinises the efficacy of interventions by humanitarian actors in humanitarian missions as concerns the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon. Based on evidence from primary and secondary source materials, the paper argues that despite the relevance of humanitarian actors towards addressing the humanitarian situation in the course of the Anglophone crisis, much is yet to be achieved as far as the attainment of sustainable peace in the crisis stricken regions is concern. The lack of a common platform for humanitarian actors made coordination of their accomplishments impracticable.

scholarly journals Indies in Scotland: Exploring the Unique Role of Independent Bookshops in Scotland’s Towns and Villages

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-600
Author(s):  
Audrey Laing
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Business Acumen

AbstractThis project explores the business practices and cultural place of independent bookshops in Scotland. The research examines the connections that independent bookshops have with their various stakeholders, and investigates the support and policy change bookshops require in order to survive and prosper. The research finds a wealth of expertise and business acumen across Scottish independent booksellers, uniquely driven by a commitment to literacy, community and a love of books. A strong contribution to communities, welfare and social capital is identified. Policy recommendations are made, which recognise the cultural and community contributions made by bookshops, as well as proposing that bookshops be at the centre of policy planning around the regeneration of high streets.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS WITHIN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
ZOKIR SODIKOV
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
National Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Private Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the impact of small business on the development of the national economy, expansion of production, improving the quality of goods and services, increasing employment, strengthening export potential, and efcient organization of imports. In this regard, the analysis of the conditions created in our country, and the basis of the achieved results were done. Also, future challenges and areas for improvement were identifed. One of the priorities in the development of a modern sociallyoriented market economy in our country is to strengthen small business and private entrepreneurship. Economic reforms are underway and a system has been set up to enhance the role of small business. The legal and regulatory framework guaranteeing entrepreneurial activity and structures to assist entrepreneurs have been formed. Small businesses have the opportunity to create new jobs without large capital and to reduce the shortage of certain goods, or even to provide them in full. Nowadays, it is important to analyze regularly the role of small business, which plays a key role in strengthening the productive capacity of the national economy and improving the welfare of the population, based on the conditions and opportunities of our country and draw perspective conclusions about them. At the same time, to substantiate and further improve the results of the ongoing socioeconomic reforms in society, it is necessary to study the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, as well as all sectors of the national economy. This article is the fulfllment of the tasks aimed at achieving these goals. The development of small and medium-sized businesses in the national economy, support for private and entrepreneurial activities will speed up production and ensure a stable supply of goods to the consumer market. As a result, the employment rate in the country will rise and the existing labor force will be able to create value. This process will increase national income and lead to an increase in per capita income. As a result, the national economy will develop, the well-being of the population will increase, and the socio-economic power and political position of the state at the international level will strengthen.

scholarly journals The Role of Government in Agricultural and Rural Development: Review of Agricultural Policies in Ukraine after Independence with a Look at the EU and South Korea Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-145
Author(s):  
Stanislav Rieznik ◽  
Lee Hwan Beom
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Government

Support for prime agricultural producers in Ukraine has been characterized by high volatility in the last decade, and some recent policy developments have contributed to the volatility and unpredictability. Until recently, the government support for agricultural holdings led to an increase in the export potential of the sector, but, on the other hand, it also brought a number of negative consequences. This study aims at reviewing of the present status of Ukraine's agricultural sector and rural areas and examines the role of the government intervention and support in the transformation of the agricultural sector and its effect on rural development to provide policy recommendations in this regard. Based on the analysis, the study provides policy recommendations suggesting that government need to promote cooperation of small farms and households (helping them to develop in organic agriculture direction) with agricultural holding companies and emphasizes that development of rural non-farm employment opportunities can be seen as a pillar of the rural development policy. In addition, it is necessary to foster organic agricultural development and provide local governments with greater authority in order to achieve sustainable agricultural sector and rural areas development.

PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE MUNICIPALITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Дорохова ◽  
Yuliya Dorokhova ◽  
Анненкова ◽  
Alla Annenkova ◽  
Гришина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Support Measures

The article is based on the results of the survey of the heads of municipalities of the Orel region; it is dedicated to the study of conditions for the promotion of small business sector and reducing admi-nistrative barriers to its development. The purpose of writing this article is to pay attention of the representatives of legislative and executive authorities and the scientific community to the problems preven-ting the development of entrepreneurial activity in the municipalities. The research methodology includes conducting expert survey, comparative analysis and logical interpretation of the results set out in the form of conclusions on the presented issue. The results of the study are generalizations of sociological survey and authors’ conclusions that the most popular ways of supporting entrepreneurs of the municipality are financial support measures and measures for the development of business infrastructure. The main provisions reflecting the results of the study are the following: the conclusions of inefficient interaction between small businesses and local governments, lack of social orientation of this interaction and the need to strengthen it; the lack of effective dialogue between local authorities and the public on issues of interaction with small businesses; the need for state regulation of equal partnerships in financing and lending, administrative regulation and taxation in order to create conditions for development of small businesses.

Entrepreneurial activity in the Albertine Graben region of Uganda: the role of infrastructure development and entrepreneurial orientation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Ngoma ◽  
Peter Dithan Ntale ◽  
Mwesigye Castro
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold (1) to establish the relationship between infrastructure development and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on the entrepreneurial activities in the Albertine Graben region of Uganda and (2) to establish whether entrepreneurial orientation mediates the relationship between infrastructure development and entrepreneurial activity.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative data were collected from a sample of 118 enterprises, mainly small businesses. The authors sent out 118 self-administered questionnaires of which 93 useable questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 79%. Quantitative data were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Analyses such as correlation, hierarchical regression and mediation were carried out to understand (1) the relationship between the variables, (2) the prediction potential of the independent variables to entrepreneurial activity and (3) the mediation role of EO on the relationship between infrastructure activity and business performance.FindingsThe authors found out that infrastructure developments are a significant predictor of entrepreneurial activity (ß = 0.432**, p < 0.01), explaining 21.6% of entrepreneurial activity in the region. EO was found to have a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial activity (r = 0.580**, p < 0.01). The results of a hierarchical regression indicate that both infrastructure development and EO explain 42% of the entrepreneurial activity in the Albertine region. Mediation analysis indicated that EO is a partial mediator in the relationship between infrastructure development and entrepreneurial activity.Research limitations/implicationsThe results are based on self-report statistics. The model explains 42% of entrepreneurial activity thus there is need to examine the influence of other factors which contribute the 58% to entrepreneurial activity. The study was also limited to public infrastructure, with much attention on transportation (roads) and energy (electricity). Future studies can consider looking at private infrastructure as well.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the role of infrastructure development and EO helps government and other development partners to know the type, quantity and quality of the infrastructure required as well as how to grow the EO of entrepreneurs to boost entrepreneurial activity in the region.Originality/valueThis paper provides insights into our understanding of the relationship between infrastructure development, entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial activity using evidence from Uganda’s oil rich region. The originality of this paper further lies in the discovery of the partial mediation of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationship between infrastructure development and entrepreneurial activity. This is the first time such a study is conducted in an African developing country such as Uganda whose oil exploration activities are still in their infancy.

scholarly journals Small and Medium Business: Current Status and Sources of its Innovative Funding

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
М.А. Feyzullaev ◽  
D.K. Shykhveledova ◽  
Е.V. Dolgov ◽  
R.J. Javadov
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
Medium Businesses ◽  
Small And Medium Business

The article analyzes the current development status of small and medium businesses in Russia. The authors reveal the dynamics of changes in the structure of investments in the Russian economy, where the share of small and medium businesses is especially noted. The direction of the trend and the expected trend of national entrepreneurial activity in the country are determined. The role of state support for small business development is assessed and the main directions in this area are determined. The main sources of financing for small and medium businesses are analyzed. The role of lending in this sector of the economy is noted; issues, risks, and prospects for the use of innovative methods of small business funding are identified. The analysis of the activity of participation of small businesses in the market of debt securities is carried out. In particular, the dynamics of the volume of placement of bonded loans of the small business sector is analyzed, the possibilities of entering the equity capital market through an IPO are being studied. Another innovative area of small and medium business funding is the venture capital financing, which is the most attractive for new startups. The authors revealed a fourfold increase in this type of financing over the past four years. In addition, the article also provides an assessment of alternative sources for small and medium business funding.

THE CONTINUUM OF CAPITAL FOR SMALL AND MICRO ENTERPRISES

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
LISA J. SERVON ◽  
M. ANNE VISSER ◽  
ROBERT W. FAIRLIE
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Specific Capital ◽  
The Continuum

Since the 1990s, interest in the role of small and microenterprises (SMMEs) in economic development has garnered considerable attention throughout academic and practioner circles. Widely known for their potential to help stimulate economic growth and as a potential avenue for poverty alleviation, the purpose and promise of small businesses have been widely publicized. However, to date, little research exists that adequately documents the specific capital needs of very small businesses (those with less than 20 employees) and microenterprises (those with less than 5 employees) and their owners at specific points in a business's development and growth. Using data from the 1992 Characteristics of Business Owners Survey, the 2002 Survey of Business Owners and the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances, we analyze the different types of firms in the United States, the amount of capital used by firms of different size and the sources of capital used by firms of different sizes to assess how capital needs and sources differ for those businesses with less than 20 employees. Paying particular attention to businesses owned by women and minorities, we argue that the path of SMMEs differs substantially from the typical path of larger small businesses. In addition, we highlight the implications of our findings and provide our policy recommendations to address them.

scholarly journals How Conflicts Affect Land Expansion by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adesoji Adelaja ◽  
Justin George ◽  
Thomas Jayne ◽  
Milu Muyanga ◽  
Titus Awokuse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Utility Maximisation ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
Sub Saharan

The expansion of smallholder farms into larger farm sizes is a key strategy for growing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy could simultaneously expand farm incomes while addressing poverty since the majority of farms in sub-Saharan Africa are smallholder farms. There is limited existing research on the possible role of conflicts in stymying the ability of smallholder farmers to transition into larger-scale farming and on the impacts of conflicts in areas that are not directly within active conflict zones. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of conflict on the ability of smallholder farmers to transition to larger scales in two regions that are not in a traditional conflict zone, by developing a household utility maximisation model to explain choices made by farm households in response to conflict.

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