Science, Cathoilicism, and the French (Latin) Pattern of Secularization. The Case of Argentina (1820–1958)

2020 ◽  
pp. 000842982095355
Author(s):  
Miguel de Asúa
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
The State ◽  
State Restrictions

This article considers the relationships between science and religion (Catholicism) in Argentina from 1820 to mid-20th century as a case of what David Martin has characterized as the French (Latin) pattern of secularization. It examines the role of science and scientific discourse in three episodes in which secularizing measures were discussed and in two cases applied by the state: restrictions to the activities of the regular clergy in 1822; legislation transferring church functions to the state and establishing of non-confessional elementary education in the 1880s; and the attempts in the 1910s at transforming Catholic centers of cult into secular shrines and investing secular images with sacred meanings. The analysis confirms the widely held view that science as such was not the engine of secularization and suggests that it was the pattern of secularization which shaped the relationships between science and religion in a given society.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 298-302
Author(s):  
Francisco Vidal Luna ◽  
Herbert S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Leadership Position ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the basic themes discussed in the book and the major conclusions reached which explain the rise of São Paulo to its important leadership position. We stress the importance of coffee, the role of the state in promoting the economy, the impact of immigration and the infrastructure established which enabled the state to become the leading economy in the second half of the 20th century

scholarly journals Subnational identities in the context of the changing internalgeopolitics. The case of post-revolutionary Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (39) ◽  
pp. 79-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Mihaylov ◽  
Stanisław Sala
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Development Of Identity ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Russian Identity

Abstract The main changes in the development of identity of Ukrainians after the Euromaidan revolution and their influence on internal geopolitics of the state are presented in the paper. The authors have made a critical overview of the key psychological and symbolic domains of Galician and Little-Russian identity, drawing attention on their changes in the context of the current geopolitical conflict which led to the loss of territory in 2014. Throughout all the 20th century and nowadays, these identities form the political and cultural landscape of Ukraine and generate a number of social divisions. Apart from those identity issues and their preconditions, the obstacles for the realisation of the policy of Ukrainian nation-building are also discussed. The authors conclude that there is a tendency to strengthen the role of the Ukrainian language and break the ties with Russia in a radical way as well as expansion of the pro-Western attitudes and expectations. In terms of mentality and civilizational values, the widening gap between millions of Russians and Russian-speaking Ukrainians from the East and the population of the central and western regions of Ukraine is also pointed out.

Constructivist Analysis of Independence of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Tripuresh Pathak
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The World

The Independence of Bangladesh was one of the most important event to have occurred in the World Politics of 20th Century. It was not just dismemberment of the then biggest Muslim State in terms of Population, but was also a great question mark on the survival of the state that was founded only on the basis of Religion. Constructivism is an approach in International Relations that contends that Reality is inter-subjective and is constructed through the interaction of different players and institutions. This Research Paper makes an in-depth analysis of different factors that played important role in creation of Bangladesh. The two Nation theory on which Pakistan was founded has been dealt in this paper. The value of given identity depends upon its number and the binding potential of an identity is more in case of identity being in substantive minority than when the identity is in majority. The colonial construct of labelling the entire community as either martial or coward was also responsible for the crisis. The lack of democratic development has also been highlighted as it reduced the capability of Pakistani state in dealing with aspirations of people of East Pakistan. The paper also seeks to critically analyze the role of India in formation of Bangladesh.

INFLUENCE OF IGNATYAN SPIRITUALITY ON THE FORMATION OF THE PIERRE TEILLARD DE CHARDIN’S CONCEPT OF SYNTHESIS OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-133
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Bazlev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Ignatian Spirituality ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Pierre Teilhard De Chardin ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Mystic Experience

The study provides an analysis of some factors that are often overlooked by Russian researchers, which however had significant influence on the evolution of the concept of synthesizing science and religion in the works of Catholic theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Evidence of the significance of such factors can be found in his essays, personal notes and letters. First of all, the Chardin’s writings should be considered in the light of Ignatian spirituality, which guided the novice to search for new knowledge. Secondly, the idea of synthesizing scientific and religious insights in his writings can be adequately evaluated by taking into consideration the position of the Catholic church that was fighting against modernist theories of those times. Thirdly, the significance and the role of Spiritual Exercises by Ignatius of Loyola that influenced the mystic experience of the Catholic theologist should be taken into account. The above factors had considerable impact on Chardin’s theology, which has become one of the essential examples of the 20th century dialogue between science and religion.

scholarly journals The «Khazar myth» as perceived by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yurevich Bystryukov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
History Of

A problem of continuity has always been a topical subject in Eurasian historiography and the name of L.N. Gumilyov appeard in this context most often. Some researchers recognized the ideological connection between the concept and Gumilyov, while the others rejected continuity and divided them: Russian philosophy of the early 20th century and Soviet scientism of the middle of 20th century. One of the plots is usually used to compare the ideas of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov it is an assessment of the role of the Khazar Kaganate in the history of the Eastern Slavs. Moreover, it was reviewed by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov. G.V. Vernadsky presented the history of Eurasia as a consistent set of attempts to create a unified state. Khazaria existed in the era of disintegration in the context of the state-forming process in Eurasia, based on the principle of rhythm. According to L.N. Gumilyov, the Khazars were colonized by representatives of the Persian and Byzantine branches of the Jewish people. The mix of the Khazar and Jewish ethnic groups was weighed down by the national traditions, which became the determining aspect of their different destinies. The Khazar Kaganate established political power in the Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus, had benefited from the intermediary trade between Europe and China, and only Svyatoslavs campaign became a closure of existence of this ethnic chimera. It can be said that the methodological approach of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov to the problem of Khazaria was fundamentally different and the only unifying factor was that these events were unfolding in the space of Russia-Eurasia.

scholarly journals STATUS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VILLAGE ELDER IN PEASANTS’ SELF-ADMINISTRATION FROM CLOSE OF THE 19THTO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-713
Author(s):  
P. V. Erin ◽  
N. V. Melekhova ◽  
T. N. Sukhareva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Village Elders ◽  
The Village ◽  
Rural Elders

Purpose of the study: The article focuses on the research of the role of village elders in rural self-administration at the turn of the 20th century. The article shows how rural elders executed their duties, who was selected as a rural elder, as well as the attitude of the countrymen towards this authority. Methodology: In the process of the study, the authors relied mainly on documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the State Archive of the Tambov Region. The retrospective research method, first of all, allowed us to study the participation of rural residents in self-government. In addition, describe the role of the elder and the functions assigned to him in the process of managing the settlement. Main Findings: It has been revealed if the country people and elders had conflicts in the performance of their duties. Rural elders were supposed to eliminate arrears of taxes and levies. The article considers the cases when rural elders supported local people in confrontation with superior civil servants. In conclusion, the article estimates the “institution” of rural elders. Applications of this study: The results of the study are primarily useful for the formation of a program for the development of the organization of agriculture in the Tambov region. An understanding of the traditions, historical features of the development of the region should be taken into account by legislative bodies and municipal structures when searching for effective management tools. Understanding the features of rural management is interesting for researchers studying similar practices in different countries of the world. For example, the application of researchers involved in local government issues, when comparing the historical experience of different states and regions. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study shows not only how the functions of the elders in the process of managing rural territories changed, but also the reaction of the population to various actions of the authorities. In particular, the typical causes of discontent among local residents on the actions of the "elders". However, often these reasons were due to the peculiarities of interactions between elders and representatives of state authorities.

scholarly journals Understanding the role of the Catholic Church in the processes of state formation in the religious traditionalism of V. Lipinsky

2013 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Yuriy Kovtun
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
The Catholic Church

The processes of reform and crisis phenomena in the Ukrainian society at the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century suggest that a stable ideological and theoretical foundation is lacking for the stable functioning of the modern Ukrainian state and the formation of civil society. On the basis of this, the state-building concepts of the prominent Ukrainian thinkers of the 20th century become very important. The personal place among them is the creative heritage of Vyacheslav Lypynsky, who, despite the dominant socialist approaches to the transformation of Ukrainian society at that time, advocated an alternative conservative-monastic idea of ​​state-building in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Exile to Settlement in Siberia in the Criminal Punishment System of the Russian Empire in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 946-952
Author(s):  
Tat’iana S. Volchetskaia ◽  
Leonid B. Smirnov ◽  
Dmitrii A. Shestakov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
The Russian Empire

The paper focuses on the evolution of the exile to settlement in Siberia from being a mitigating alternative to the death penalty to becoming a criminal punishment that ranks third in severity. It also provides an assessment of the theory that the exile was a way of Siberian colonization. We explore the role of the exile in the transformation of serf peasants into the state peasants in Siberia. The papers analyses various crimes punishable by the exile to settlement in Siberia in the imperial period. The authors consider the use of the exile of the convicted person together with his relatives as a way to prevent escapes. The involvement of statistical data led to the conclusion that by the early 20th century “colonization” function failed

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