Social Transformation and Violence: Evidence from U.S. Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402199716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Stewart ◽  
Karin E. Kitchens
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Social Orders ◽  
Over Time

How do political actors create and institutionalize revolutionary social transformation, and what are the consequences of their efforts? In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding the conditions under which revolutionary social transformation unfolds and becomes institutionalized over time. We argue that a direct consequence of social transformation and the institutionalization thereof, however, is violence against the revolution’s beneficiaries which can likewise endure over the long-term. We test our arguments using historical, county-level data on post-U.S. Civil War Reconstruction and we supply both quantitative and qualitative evidence for our mechanisms. We ultimately demonstrate that social transformation and violence are often causally linked, not mutually exclusive outcomes, thereby expanding our understanding of how social orders are created and maintained.

Enhancing community welfare through improved water quality: a case for applying staggered pollution charges in the river Musi sub-basin of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
Tishya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

In conditions of severe water-pollution and dormant community acceptance of accumulating environmental damage, the regulator's role goes beyond pollution prevention and more towards remediation and solutions based on the community's long-term expectations of economic benefits from clean water. This paper suggests a method to enable these benefits to become perceptible progressively, through participatory clean-up operations, supported by staggered pollution charges. It analyses the relevant literature on pollution prevention and applies a cost-based “willingness to pay” model, using primary basin-level data of total marginal costs. It develops a replicable demand-side approach imposing charge-standard targets over time in urban-industrial basins of developing countries.

Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
The Government

Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

The Railways, Urbanization, and Local Demography in England and Wales, 1825–1911

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-228
Author(s):  
Ian N. Gregory ◽  
Jordi Martí Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
World War ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Integrate Data ◽  
Single Set ◽  
Over Time

This article uses geographic information systems (GIS) to explore the growth of the rail network in England and Wales in the period before World War I. It uses two major GIS databases, one containing data on the growth of the rail network, including both lines and stations, and one containing parish-level populations. The parish-level data are particularly important for two reasons: they give an unparalleled level of spatial detail, and they are interpolated onto a single set of boundaries over time, which allows direct long-term comparisons. GIS's ability to integrate data allows the article to shed new light on how quickly the railways spread into the country's population. It then explores whether gaining a station made it more likely for a parish's population growth to increase and whether gaining one early was an advantage compared to gaining one relatively late. The article explores this impact at a variety of urban levels.

After ethnic civil war

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Dyrstad
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
War Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

While the study of the causes of civil war is a well-established subdiscipline in international relations, the effects of civil war on society remain less understood. Yet, such effects could have crucial implications for long-term stability and democracy in a country after the reaching of a peace agreement. This article contributes to the understanding of the effects of warfare on interethnic relations, notably attitudes of ethno-nationalism. Two hypotheses are tested: first, that the prevalence of ethno-nationalism is higher after than before the war, and second, that individuals who have been directly affected by the war are more nationalist than others. The variation in ethno-nationalism is examined over time, between countries, and between ethnic groups. Three countries that did not experience conflict on their own territory serve as a control group. The effect of individual war exposure is also tested in the analysis. Sources include survey data from the former Yugoslavia in 1989, shortly before the outbreak of war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in 2003, some years after the violence in the region ended. Contrary to common beliefs, the study shows that ethno-nationalism does not necessarily increase with ethnic civil war. The individual war experiences are less important than expected.

The Long-Term Electoral Legacies of Civil War in Young Democracies: Italy, 1946-1968

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Costalli ◽  
Andrea Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Electoral Performance ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Local Party

Are there long-term legacies of civil wars on the electoral geography of post-conflict democracies? We argue that parties derived from armed bands enjoy an organizational advantage in areas where they fought and won the war. Former combatants can create a strong local party organization that serves as a crucial mobilization tool for elections. Parties have strong incentives to institutionalize this organizational advantage and retain electoral strongholds over time. We test our theory on the case of Italy (1946-1968). Our findings indicate that, on average, the communist party managed to create a stronger organization in areas where its bands fought the resistance war against Nazi-Fascist forces—and left-wing parties had a better electoral performance in those areas in subsequent elections. A stronger party organization is correlated with a positive electoral performance for many years, while the direct effect of civil war on electoral patterns decays after few years.

scholarly journals Constructing identity through commemoration: Kwibuka and the rise of survivor nationalism in post-conflict Rwanda

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Social Tensions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Identity Groups

AbstractIn the years following Rwanda's civil war, the country has remembered those killed in the 1994 genocide with 100 days of official commemoration, known as Kwibuka. The temporary commemoration period is characterised by an explicit acknowledgement and public discussion of ethnic identity, which stands in puzzling contrast to the state's policy of ethnic non-recognition, enforced during the rest of the year in hopes of achieving national homogeneity (Ndi Umunyarwanda). Thus, one observes seemingly diametrically opposed practices of legally erasing identity groups because of their link to conflict and a unique, three month-long saturation of reminders in the form of public speeches, memorial programming and burials, and commemorative signage. A blurring of ‘Tutsi’ with ‘survivor’ and the deliberate passing down of survivor identity to Tutsi youth have created, over time, conditions for a ‘survivor nationalism’, which exacerbates social tensions and risks sustainable peace in the long term.

Eager Hands: Labor for Southern Textiles, 1850–1860

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom E. Terrell
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
County Level ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Ample Supply ◽  
Southern Society

Was there an ample supply of low-skilled, free labor in the antebellum Southeast to develop a textile industry producing coarser goods? Using county-level data from the 1850 and 1860 manuscript censuses and other historical sources, we found there was a surplus of low-skilled, free (mostly white) labor in Edgefield County, South Carolina, where the textile industry was firmly established before the Civil War. If Edgefield County was not a unique case, then potential investors in southern textiles were probably not restrained by an inadequate labor force. Moreover, our Edgefield study reinforces other analyses which indicate that many whites hovered on the margins of southern society even in its most prosperous decade before the Civil War.

Building Relationships

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-65
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Moral Imagination ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time

The quality of our relationships determines, to a large extent, the quality of our life and the life of our community. This chapter offers a discussion that elucidates the centrality of relationships and of relationship building in processes of social transformation. In this discussion, the authors shed light on the ways trust between community stakeholders is built over time and the highly sophisticated embedded processes of collaboration. Rapport, as shown in this book, is pivotal to co-create systemic and long-term processes of social transformation, and this section of the book is devoted to this discussion. Conceptually, this chapter draws from Coleman's understanding on dynamical systems and the implication of networks in peacebuilding, and on Lederach's concept of the moral imagination and the effects of collective power.

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