The New Era of Terrorism: Approaches and Typologies

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Mehdi Mozaffari
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Era ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Political Terrorism

Mozaffari, M. The New Era of Terrorism: Approaches and Typologies. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 179-196. Despite the fact that political terrorism has become an almost everyday phenomenon, and despite its unprecedented internationalization, little attention has been given to the typology of political terrorism. Terrorism has generally been considered a homogeneous phenomenon with no variations in either time or place. The aim of this article is first to proceed to a critical analysis of the contemporary terminologies and typologies of terrorism; and then to construct an alternative typology more operational for recognizing the specificities of the different types of terrorism, one that is more capable of predicting their respective plausible behaviour.

scholarly journals Embodied Energy and Embodied GWP of Windows: A Critical Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3788
Author(s):  
Francesco Asdrubali ◽  
Marta Roncone ◽  
Gianluca Grazieschi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Operational Phase ◽  
Operational Impact

The construction sector is one of the most energy-intensive in the industrialized countries. In order to limit climate change emissions throughout the entire life cycle of a building, in addition to reducing energy consumption in the operational phase, attention should also be paid to the embodied energy and CO2 emissions of the building itself. The purpose of this work is to review data on embodied energy and GWP derived from EPDs of different types of windows, to identify the LCA phases, the most impacting materials and processes from an environmental point of view and to perform a critical analysis of the outcomes. The results show a strong dependence on the typology of the frame, with wooden windows having competitive performances: lower average primary energy non-renewable (1123 MJ/FU), higher average primary energy renewable (respectively 817 MJ/FU) and lower global warming potential (54 kgCO2eq/FU). More transparency and standardization in the information conveyed by the program operators is, however, desirable for a better comparability of windows performances. In particular, the inclusion of the operational impact in the EPD is sporadic, but strongly important, since it can be the most impactful phase.

Vaccines and Vaccination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Obradovich ◽  
Nicholas C Issa
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
New Era ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Serotype B

The advent of vaccination began a new era in the world and in medicine. From the eradication of smallpox and near-eradication of polio to the significant reduction in many childhood diseases, vaccination has saved countless lives. Progress continues today in the form of safer and more effective vaccines, along with new vaccines against old and emerging pathogens that threaten worldwide pandemics. Several vaccines have been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration, including a more immunogenic pneumococcal vaccine, new meningococcal serotype B vaccines, a 9-valent HPV vaccine, and the first adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Additional advancement with improved vaccines against herpes zoster and novel vaccines against emerging pathogens (Ebola and Zika viruses) is on the horizon. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms by which vaccines induce protection, the different types of vaccines, and the most recent recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for vaccination schedules in adults. Key information for the general practitioner is presented in a concise and easy-to-read format, summarized in tables whenever possible. Vaccination in special populations, such as pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, international travelers, and health care workers, is also included in this review. A list of guidelines is also included. Key words: immunocompromised host, postexposure prophylaxis, travel, vaccination, vaccine This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 12 tables, and 57 references.

scholarly journals Reframing the public sociology debate: Towards collaborative and decolonial praxis

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Arribas Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Public Sociology ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Professional Sociology ◽  
Different Types

This article presents a critical analysis of Michael Burawoy’s model of public sociology, discussing several of its epistemic and methodological limitations. First, the author focuses on the ambiguity of Burawoy’s proposal, problematizing the absence of a clear delimitation of the concept of ‘public sociology’. Second, the author links the academic success of the category of public sociology to the global division of sociological labour, emphasizing the ‘geopolitics of knowledge’ involved in Burawoy’s work and calling for the decolonization of social science. Then, the author expounds his concerns regarding the hierarchy of the different types of sociology proposed by Burawoy, who privileges professional sociology over other types of sociological praxis. Reflecting upon these elements will provide a good opportunity to observe how our discipline works, advancing also suggestions for its transformation. Along these lines, in the last section of the article the author elaborates on the need to go beyond a dissemination model of public sociology – the unidirectional diffusion of ‘expert knowledge’ to extra-academic audiences – and towards a more collaborative understanding of knowledge production.

A Novel Approach to Develop and Deploy Preventive Measures for Different Types of DDoS Attacks

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Khundrakpam Johnson Singh ◽  
Janggunlun Haokip ◽  
Usham Sanjota Chanu
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Distributed Denial Of Service ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
New Era ◽  
Denial Of Service Attack ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Service Attack

In the new era of computers, everyone relies on the internet for basic day-to-day activities to sophisticated and secret tasks. The cyber threats are increasing, not only theft and manipulation of someone's information, but also forcing the victim to deny other requests. A DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack, which is one of the serious issues in today's cyber world needs to be detected and their advance towards the server should be blocked. In the article, the authors are focusing mainly on preventive measures of different types of DDoS attacks using multiple IPtables rules and Windows firewall advance security settings configuration, which would be feasibly free on any PC. The IPtables when appropriately selected and implemented can establish a relatively secure barrier for the system and the external environment.

scholarly journals How Does China’s New Consumption Era Reshape Residents’ Shopping Behaviors from the Perspective of Community in Hohhot, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7599
Author(s):  
Fangqu Niu ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
New Era ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Variable Influence ◽  
The City

In the new consumption era, the popularization and application of information technology has continuously enriched residents’ consumption channels, gradually reshaping their consumption concepts and shopping behaviors. In this paper, Hohhot is taken as a case study, using open-source big data and field survey data to theorize the characteristics and mechanism of residents’ shopping behaviors in different segments of consumers based on geography. First, communities were divided into five types according to their location and properties: main communities in urban areas (MCs), historical communities in urban areas (HCs), high-grade communities in the outskirts of the city (HGCs), mid-grade communities in urban peripheries (MGCs), and urban villages (UVs). On this basis, a structural equation model is used to explore the characteristics of residents’ shopping behaviors and their influencing mechanisms in the new consumption era. The results showed that: (1) The online shopping penetration rate of residents in UVs and HCs is lowest, and that of residents in HGC is highest. (2) The types of products purchased in online and offline shopping by different types of community show certain differences. (3) From the perspective of influencing mechanisms, residents’ characteristics directly affect their shopping behaviors and, indirectly (through the choice of community where they live and their consumption attitudes), their differences in shopping behaviors. Different properties of communities cannot directly affect residents’ shopping behaviors, but they can affect them indirectly by influencing consumption attitudes and then affect such behaviors. Typical consumption attitudes of the new era, such as shopping for luxuries and emerging consumption, have the most significant and direct influence on shopping behaviors, as well as an intermediate and variable influence.

scholarly journals The doctor-patient relationship

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Maria Vargiami ◽  
Maria Goula
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Human Relation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Doctor Patient Relationship ◽  
New Era ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Online Sources

The relationship between the doctor and the patient is a particular type of human relation. On one hand, the word «patient» states that a person is at a disadvantage, because of his/her illness, and therefore is automatically at a disadvantageous position compared to the doctor. On the other hand, the patient has the opportunity to inform him/herself from online sources, to communicate with other patients, to participate as equal and to choose consciously his/her treatment plan.There are many different types of patients depending on their personality and interaction with their doctor. These types constituted a research field in the 80’s which lead to the analysis of patients’ psychology. After an historical flashback, patients are put in categories according to their reaction to their illness. In addition, the verbal way of approaching patients by their doctor, the patients’ expectations and their encouragement by professionals to participate more actively concerning their health care is underlined. As a result, this is the beginning of a new era, where the patient has requirements concerning both the medical and the human aspect of the doctor-patient relationship.

scholarly journals When was Dostoevsky’s Father Born? (Critical Analysis and Source Classification)

2020 ◽  
pp. 218-239
Author(s):  
Boris Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Different Types

The article presents a comprehensive review and critical analysis of all the documents identified to date that allow making assumptions about the year of birth of Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky – the writer’s father. It identifies different methods for calculating the year of birth based on different types of documents. The systematization of the sources shows that one group of documents indicates as M.A. Dostoevsky’s year of birth 1788, while another 1787. The beginning of the two traditions can be traced to two contradictory documents, equally dating back to the records of the Podolsk Seminary in 1809. In conclusion, it is stated that the question that gives the title to the article remains open until the discovery of the metrical records about the birth and baptism of the writer's father.

A child with aphasia – An outline of the problem

2020 ◽  
Vol LXXXI (4) ◽  
pp. 245-254
Author(s):  
Karolina Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Educational Counseling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

The article is a scientific paper on the issue of aphasia. The author carries out a review and critical analysis of terminology describing this unique speech and language disorder. She points to the lack of terminological coherence both among specialists and among parents of children with aphasia. She also lists different types of aphasia, describes them, and presents the origins of cortical disorders. The second part of the article presents procedures included in selected legislative acts on the organization of education for children with special educational needs, including children with aphasia. The author analyses the successive stages of the psychological and educational counseling procedures that parents go through in their child's assessment and treatment process.

scholarly journals Role and Merits of Green Based Nanocarriers in Cancer Treatment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5686
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman M. Elbagory ◽  
Rahaba Makgotso Marima ◽  
Zodwa Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Smart Vehicles ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Green Materials ◽  
Different Types

The use of nanocarriers for biomedical applications has been gaining interests from researchers worldwide for the delivery of therapeutics in a controlled manner. These “smart” vehicles enhance the dissolution and the bioavailability of drugs and enable their delivery to the target site. Taking the potential toxicity into consideration, the incorporation of natural “green” materials, derived from plants or microbial sources, in the nanocarriers fabrication, improve their safety and biocompatibility. These green components can be used as a mechanical platform or as targeting ligand for the payload or can play a role in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Several studies reported the use of green based nanocarriers for the treatment of diseases such as cancer. This review article provides a critical analysis of the different types of green nanocarriers and their synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and their role in improving drug delivery of anticancer drugs to achieve precision cancer treatment. Current evidence suggests that green-based nanocarriers can constitute an effective treatment against cancer.

scholarly journals The Fragmented Evolution of Racial Integration since the Civil Rights Movement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bader ◽  
Siri Warkentien
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
New Era ◽  
Racial Change ◽  
Racial Tolerance ◽  
Stable Integration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post Civil Rights

The Civil Rights Movement ushered in a new era of racial tolerance. One reflection of this tolerance is the diminishing occurrence of White flight: in 2010, only one in one hundred neighborhoods is all-White. Although some have declared the "end of segregation" based on this news, I document how ``integrated'' neighborhoods are actually fragmented into many different types of racial change. This means that some nominally integrated neighborhoods have less in common with one another than they do with adjacent segregated neighborhoods. Others, however, appear to maintain stable integration across many decades. I consider the historical, geographic, and demographic factors that can help explain how neighborhoods end up following different trajectories. I argue that this fragmented integration should cause us to think more deeply about what integration means and make policies that address the foundation of spatial inequality in the post-Civil Rights Era.

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