Police-Led Crackdowns and Cleanups: An Evaluation of a Crime Control Initiative in Richmond, Virginia

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crime Control ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
City Agencies ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Initiative

In April 1999, the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department, in conjunction with other city agencies, began a crackdown and cleanup initiative in seven city neighborhoods. This article reports on an evaluation of this “Blitz to Bloom” initiative that was conducted in the first of the seven neighborhoods. Pre-and postcrackdown data on reported crime and calls for service were analyzed using difference of means tests. A 92% reduction in reported crime occurred in the target area during the month-long crackdown period. Significant reductions in reported crime persisted in some parts of the neighborhood surrounding the area up to 6 months after the crackdown ended. No displacement was observed into the surrounding neighborhood. Although reductions in crime were being recorded, calls for service increased in the neighborhood after the crackdown. Additional research is called for that examines the impact of police maintenance efforts on the continuation of crackdown-induced reductions in reported crime.

Evaluation of ‘the R-Model’ crisis intervention de-escalation training for law enforcement

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Peterson ◽  
James Densley ◽  
Gina Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Model Research ◽  
One Year

This study presents findings from a process and outcome evaluation of a custom crisis intervention and de-escalation training for law enforcement, delivered in-house to a suburban Minnesota police department (the R-Model: Research, Respond, Refer). Individual officer survey data showed the R-Model significantly decreased stigma and increased self-reported knowledge of mental health resources over baseline. Knowledge of resources held at the 4-month follow-up. One-year follow-up data at the agency level, showed decreases in the number of crisis calls for service and the number of repeat calls to the same addresses, even when compared to crisis call rates at similar police departments. Findings provide preliminary evidence that the R-Model may be an effective model that warrants additional study.

THE IMPACT OF THE ROCHESTER NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTH CENTER ON HOSPITALIZATION OF CHILDREN, 1968 TO 1970

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
Michael Klein ◽  
Klaus Roghmann ◽  
Kenneth Woodward ◽  
Evan Charney
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽  
Physician Availability ◽  
Hospital Days ◽  
The Impact

The admission patterns of children to area hospitals was studied. The study design allowed for comparisons between actual users of the health center, nonusers who lived in the target area and a comparison group. During the second year of operation, the admission rate of health center users was only 33 versus 67 per thousand for nonusers and 39 per thousand for the comparison group. Comparing the first two years, hospital days per thousand among users dropped by approximately half. Due to higher admission rates and longer average stays, nonusers had a rate of 2.5 times that of the users for hospital days per thousand. The rate for the comparison group remained constant. Users had fewer admissions for respiratory infectious diseases and more admissions for surgical restorative procedures. These trends were not present for the nonusers or for the comparison group. Despite extensive outreach, physician availability, and the team approach, the health center continued to have a large number of child admissions who reached the hospital without referral (the "leakers").

scholarly journals Forecasts covering one month using a cut-cell model

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Steppeler ◽  
S.-H. Park ◽  
A. Dobler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Cut Cell ◽  
Terrain Following ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper investigates the impact and potential use of the cut-cell vertical discretisation for forecasts covering five days and climate simulations. A first indication of the usefulness of this new method is obtained by a set of five-day forecasts, covering January 1989 with six forecasts. The model area was chosen to include much of Asia, the Himalayas and Australia. The cut-cell model LMZ (Lokal Modell with z-coordinates) provides a much more accurate representation of mountains on model forecasts than the terrain-following coordinate used for comparison. Therefore we are in particular interested in potential forecast improvements in the target area downwind of the Himalayas, over southeastern China, Korea and Japan. The LMZ has previously been tested extensively for one-day forecasts on a European area. Following indications of a reduced temperature error for the short forecasts, this paper investigates the model error for five days in an area influenced by strong orography. The forecasts indicated a strong impact of the cut-cell discretisation on forecast quality. The cut-cell model is available only for an older (2003) version of the model LM (Lokal Modell). It was compared using a control model differing by the use of the terrain-following coordinate only. The cut-cell model improved the precipitation forecasts of this old control model everywhere by a large margin. An improved, more transferable version of the terrain-following model LM has been developed since then under the name CLM (Climate version of the Lokal Modell). The CLM has been used and tested in all climates, while the LM was used for small areas in higher latitudes. The precipitation forecasts of the cut-cell model were compared also to the CLM. As the cut-cell model LMZ did not incorporate the developments for CLM since 2003, the precipitation forecast of the CLM was not improved in all aspects. However, for the target area downstream of the Himalayas, the cut-cell model considerably improved the prediction of the monthly precipitation forecast even in comparison with the modern CLM version. The cut-cell discretisation seems to improve in particular the localisation of precipitation, while the improvements leading from LM to CLM had a positive effect mainly on amplitude.

scholarly journals In-hospital mortality in COVID-19 vs. pre-COVID-19 era in the Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Marasovic Šušnjara
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Score Test ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Statistical Classification ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic marked 2020 with numerous consequences for the health of the population. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether the COVID-19 pandemic affected in-hospital mortality. Methods We employed a cross-sectional comparative study using two different time periods, pre-COVID-19 (2019 year) and COVID-19 era (2020 year) to explore possibilities of COVID-19 influences in-hospital mortality in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia. The research used data from the national information system on hospitalizations from the Clinical Hospital Center Split, University Hospital Split. The indicators were statistically analyzed. The z-score test for two population proportions is used. Results In 2020, there was a significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared to 2019 (z = 9.0827; p < 0.00001), which was supported by a significant increase in mortality from respiratory diseases according to the comparison of disease categories of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) (z = 9.0427; p < 0.00001). Within hospital departments, significantly higher mortality was in the Intensive Care Unit (z = 5.2763; p < 0.00001) and the Infectious Diseases Department (z = 9.6982; p < 0.00001). Among deaths in 2020 with confirmed COVID-19, there were significantly more positive among deaths from respiratory diseases (z=-17.4462; p < 0.00001). There was no difference in mortality rates between 2020 and 2019 by age. Conclusions The results of the study indicate that COVID-19 has a contribution to hospital mortality. Given that the pandemic has not yet completed additional research, it will be necessary to obtain a more complete picture of the impact of COVID-19 on hospital mortality in Split-Dalmatia County, as well as in other regions and countries. Key messages The results of the study indicate that COVID-19 has a contribution to hospital mortality. Given that the pandemic has not yet completed additional research, it will be necessary to obtain a more complete picture of the impact of COVID-19 on hospital mortality.

scholarly journals Aggressive Policing and the Educational Performance of Minority Youth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joscha Legewie ◽  
Jeffrey Fagan
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
African American ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
High Crime ◽  
The Impact

An increasing number of minority youth experience contact with the criminal justice system. But how does the expansion of police presence in poor urban communities affect educational outcomes? Previous research points at multiple mechanisms with opposing effects. This article presents the first causal evidence of the impact of aggressive policing on minority youths’ educational performance. Under Operation Impact, the New York Police Department (NYPD) saturated high-crime areas with additional police officers with the mission to engage in aggressive, order-maintenance policing. To estimate the effect of this policing program, we use administrative data from more than 250,000 adolescents age 9 to 15 and a difference-in-differences approach based on variation in the timing of police surges across neighborhoods. We find that exposure to police surges significantly reduced test scores for African American boys, consistent with their greater exposure to policing. The size of the effect increases with age, but there is no discernible effect for African American girls and Hispanic students. Aggressive policing can thus lower educational performance for some minority groups. These findings provide evidence that the consequences of policing extend into key domains of social life, with implications for the educational trajectories of minority youth and social inequality more broadly.

scholarly journals Health Impact Assessment: An Information Needs Assessment Across Sectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Wes Quattrone ◽  
Melissa Callaham ◽  
Stephen Brown ◽  
Tatiana Lin ◽  
Jamie Pina
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Health Impact Assessments ◽  
Professional Fields ◽  
The Impact

Background: Over the last decade, the number of health impact assessments (HIAs) conducted has increased. The information contained in these studies provides valuable guidance for stakeholders in many professional fields and industries, also known as sectors. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that practitioners across sectors have unmet information needs and are facing challenges accessing and using information. Methods: The research team conducted a series of focus groups to explore the information needs of practitioners across sectors and to identify challenges they face accessing this information. Participants were stratified by geographic location, sector affiliation, and level of expertise with HIAs. Results: Findings suggest that practitioners from all sectors can benefit from the integration of health-related information, and the information contained in HIAs, into their work. Reported information needs include baseline data, geocoded socio-demographic information, and granular local data. Participants indicated that they obtain information from their professional network, universities sponsoring research, and online resources. Information challenges include lack of data that match the size and the scope of the target area of interest, proprietary or pay-for-access sources, varying terminology for the same concepts across sectors, inadequate resources and HIA expertise for searching, and limited information on the impact of findings of prior completed HIAs. Discussion: Identifying and understanding the information needs of practitioners is essential to maximizing the use of existing and future HIAs. An interactive and comprehensive web-based repository system for HIAs may provide value and assist stakeholders in meeting these needs.

Dual-Polarization Radar Data Analysis of the Impact of Ground-Based Glaciogenic Seeding on Winter Orographic Clouds. Part I: Mostly Stratiform Clouds

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1944-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Jing ◽  
Bart Geerts ◽  
Katja Friedrich ◽  
Binod Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Radar Data ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Dual Polarization ◽  
Stratiform Clouds ◽  
Orographic Clouds ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Glaciogenic Seeding ◽  
Differential Reflectivity ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on wintertime orographic, mostly stratiform clouds is analyzed by means of data from an X-band dual-polarization radar, the Doppler-on-Wheels (DOW) radar, positioned on a mountain pass. This study focuses on six intensive observation periods (IOPs) during the 2012 AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII) project in Wyoming. In all six storms, the bulk upstream Froude number below mountaintop exceeded 1 (suggesting unblocked flow), the clouds were relatively shallow (with bases below freezing), some liquid water was present, and orographic flow conditions were mostly steady. To examine the silver iodide (AgI) seeding effect, three study areas are defined (a control area, a target area upwind of the crest, and a lee target area), and comparisons are made between measurements from a treated period and those from an untreated period. Changes in reflectivity and differential reflectivity observed by the DOW at low levels during seeding are consistent with enhanced snow growth, by vapor diffusion and/or aggregation, for a case study and for the composite analysis of all six IOPs, especially at close range upwind of the mountain crest. These low-level changes may have been affected by natural changes aloft, however, as evident from differences in the evolution of the echo-top height in the control and target areas. Even though precipitation in the target region is strongly correlated with that in the control region, the authors cannot definitively attribute the change to seeding because there is a lack of knowledge about natural variability, nor can the outcome be generalized, because the sample size is small.

Neighborhood Context and Homicide Clearance: Estimating the Effects of Collective Efficacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Mancik ◽  
Karen F. Parker ◽  
Kirk R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Community Characteristics ◽  
Chicago Police Department ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Homicide Clearance ◽  
Chicago Police ◽  
The Impact

Only a handful of macro-level studies of homicide clearance exist, and the impact of community characteristics is mixed. In addition, community members are critical to clearances, but the willingness of residents to unite for the collective goal of aiding in investigations (via collective efficacy) remains to be tested. Combining data from the Chicago Police Department, Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), and U.S. Census, we estimate the effect of collective efficacy on homicide clearances in Chicago neighborhoods, while taking into account neighborhood characteristics and case composition. Results indicate that economic disadvantage, residential stability, and victimization significantly decrease homicides clearances, while collective efficacy increases clearances.

Measuring the impact of police representativeness on communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren B. Trochmann ◽  
Angela Gover
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Community Conflict ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the representativeness of police departments, i.e. the extent to which the demographics of sworn police officers mirror their local constituency’s demographic makeup, has an effect on communities. The study seeks to explain whether community complaints about police use of force are related to the representativeness of the police department. Design/methodology/approach The study examines the relationships between use of force complaints lodged against a police department and the representativeness of the police vis-à-vis their community using ordinary least squares regression and city fixed-effects models. The stratified sample of 100 large US cities uses data from the US Census Equal Employment Opportunity Survey and the Bureau of Justice Statistics Law Enforcement Management and Administration Statistics Survey from several points-in-time. Findings The analysis suggests that racial makeup and, to a lesser extent, local residency of police departments might matter in reducing community conflict with police, as represented by use of force complaints. However, the fixed-effects model suggests that unobserved community-level characteristics and context matter more than police departments’ representativeness. Originality/value This study seeks to provide a unique perspective and empirical evidence on community conflict with police by integrating the public administration theory of representative bureaucracy with criminal justice theories of policing legitimacy. The findings have implications for urban policing as well as law enforcement human capital and public management practices, which is essential to understand current crises in police-citizen relations in the US, especially in minority communities.

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