The Replacements: The Effect of Incarcerating Drug Offenders on First-Time Drug Sales Offending

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872096850
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Torres ◽  
Stewart J. D’Alessio ◽  
Lisa Stolzenberg
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Drug Sales ◽  
Modeling Procedure ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Drug Selling ◽  
First Time

It is proffered that incarcerating offenders will not attenuate criminal activity because new offenders are readily available to supplant those who are imprisoned. This situation, referred to as offender replacement, is mostly applicable for drug selling crimes where a market for illegal drugs exists. We hypothesize that if the incarceration of established drug offenders attenuates competition and creates a fertile environment for novice drug dealers to enter the market, a rise in the drug incarceration rate should increase the likelihood of first-time drug selling behavior. Using a multilevel modeling procedure, we find that a one-unit increase in the drug incarceration rate results in a 15% rise in the odds of a first-time offender being prosecuted for a drug-selling crime.

scholarly journals Age-Graded Transitions and Turning Points in Polish Offenders’ Criminal Careers from the Standpoint of Life Course Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6010
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pękala ◽  
Andrzej Kacprzak ◽  
Piotr Chomczyński ◽  
Jakub Ratajczak ◽  
Michał Marczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Life Course Theory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
First Time

Both juvenile and adult criminal careers show regularities in the origins of delinquency, the dynamics of the criminal pathway, and the turning points that lead to desistance/persistence in crime. Research shows that family, education, and friendship environments contribute significantly to the individual choices that create criminal biographies. Our aim was to apply core aspects of life course theory (LCT): trajectory, the aged-graded process, transitions, institutions, and ultimately how desistance/persistence factor into explaining the criminal careers of Polish offenders. The research is based on in-depth interviews (130) carried out with both offenders (90) and experts (40). The offenders were divided into two groups: 30 were juveniles, and 60 were adults of whom half were sentenced for the first time (30) and half were recidivists (30) located in correctional institutions or released. The experts group (40) includes psychologists, educators, social rehabilitators, and prison and juvenile detention personnel working with offenders. We used triangulation of researcher, data, and methodology. Our data revealed that similar biographical experiences characterized by an early socialization, family and friends-based circles laid the groundwork for their entry and continued participation in criminal activity. Juvenile and adult first-time sentenced offenders led criminal careers significantly different from those of recidivists, who faced problems with social adaptation caused by lack of family and institutional support.

Market Dynamics and Systemic Violence: A Longitudinal Examination of Market Penetration, Entry Deterrence, and Excess Capacity in the Illicit Drug Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Torres ◽  
Stewart J. D’Alessio ◽  
Lisa Stolzenberg
Keyword(s):  
Drug Market ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Drug Selling ◽  
Systemic Violence ◽  
First Time ◽  
Longitudinal Examination ◽  
Drug Sellers

The nexus between lethal violence in the drug market and drug-selling behavior remains a topic of interest among social scientists. Although the current body of literature demonstrates strong empirical evidence of systemic violence, questions still endure as to the underlying causal mechanisms responsible for this violence. This study uses 10 years of prosecution data aggregated at the county level to investigate whether drug-related homicide is predictive of first-time drug-selling offending. Results from a pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis suggest that new entrants are using lethal violence to penetrate the illegal drug market. As drug-related homicides increase, the percent of first-time offenders being prosecuted for a drug-selling offense increases markedly. This relationship persists even after controlling for non–drug-related homicide. This finding suggests that lethal violence is being used primarily by new drug sellers, possibly to help them gain entry into a competitive drug market.

Three-year mortality and predictors after release: a longitudinal study of the first-time drug offenders in Taiwan

Addiction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan-Yu Chen ◽  
Pei-Ning Wu ◽  
Lien-Wen Su ◽  
Yiing-Jenq Chou ◽  
Keh-Ming Lin
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
First Time

Are They Buying or Selling Again? Estimating the Impact of Neighborhood-Level Contagion on Types of Juvenile Drug Recidivism

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 1455-1480
Author(s):  
Brian Lockwood ◽  
Philip W. Harris ◽  
Heidi E. Grunwald
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Family Court ◽  
Juvenile Recidivism ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Drug Sales ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Level

We examine how the densities of adult and juvenile drug offenders within neighborhoods might be linked to the odds of juvenile recidivism due to drug sales and drug possession. To do so, we analyze a dataset of 5,528 juvenile offenders adjudicated in Philadelphia’s Family Court between 1996 and 2004 using multilevel models to estimate the effects of both individual- and neighborhood-level indicators on the odds of recidivism. The results indicate that community context is significantly related to the odds of juvenile recidivism due to drug sales, but not due to drug possession. Neighborhood levels of adult and juvenile drug offender densities are also shown to moderate the links between individual-level characteristics and the odds of juvenile drug sales recidivism.

scholarly journals CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RECIDIVISM

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Olga V. Filippova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Criminal Record ◽  
Recidivism Rate ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
Record Statistics ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Stability

Recidivism is an indicator of the imperfection of the system of punishments, the practice of their execution, as well as the stability of anti-social attitudes of those who commit crimes. The purpose of this study is to conduct a criminological analysis of recidivism in the Russian Federation (to determine the level, structure and dynamics) in the period from 2006 to 2018 and on this basis to establish trends in its development. Criminological characteristic of recidivism includes quantitative and qualitative analysis of the totality of crimes committed by persons who have previously committed crimes, after the application of criminal law measures to them for previous crimes, as well as the totality of these persons themselves. The study led to conclusions about an increase in both the absolute and relative indices of recidivism: the number of crimes committed by persons who had previously committed offences increased by 18.4 per cent in the period under study, and the recidivism rate increased by 15.3 per cent. The recidivism rate doubled from 13.9% in 2006 to 31.6% in 2018. There has been an increase in the number of persons who had previously committed crimes, while the criminal activity of persons who were exempted from criminal liability for previously committed crimes on non-rehabilitation grounds has also increased among the detected offenders.Minor offences accounted for the largest proportion of recidivism: 54.8 per cent. Offences of medium gravity accounted for 26.2 per cent, serious offences for 15 per cent and especially serious offences for 4 per cent. Recidivism was mainly represented by crimes against property: their share was 42.7%; crimes against persons 16.6%, and against public health 11.9%. The highest proportion of those previously convicted of robbery was observed (52.1%). High recidivism rate was also observed among drug offenders - 28-30%, and, as a rule, it was special recidivism, i.e. recidi-vism by those who had previously committed homogeneous (identical) crimes. Criminal record statistics during the reviewed period showed a decrease in the absolute number of convicts, while at the same time an increase in the proportion of those with an unexpunged and unexpunged criminal record. In 2018, the number of convicts with an unexpunged and unexpunged criminal record at the time of the offence was 231583, or 35.2% of all convicts Among those convicted, the proportion of those who have been sentenced to imprison-ment for the third time or more has increased. Whereas in 2007 their share was 20.2%, in 2018 it was 36.1%. - At the same time, the share of first-time offenders decreased from 53.7% to 45.8%.

scholarly journals Heroin Smuggling in Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Nenad Radović
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Criminal Groups

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] Drug trafficking is a very lucrative criminal activity, with a growing number of organized criminal groups from the Balkans. According to Europol’s report, about 5000 organized criminal groups are active in the European Union.2 According to the results of the National survey on the lifestyles of the citizens in the Republic of Serbia in 2014, the use of psychoactive substances and games of chance and illegal drug use at least once during a lifetime was recorded at 8.0% of the total population aged 18 to 64 (10.8% of males and 5.2% of females), with greater prevalence (12.8%) in the younger adult population aged 18 to 34. The number of heroin users who inject drugs in Serbia is between 10 000 and 25 000. The main estimated number is 20 000 heroin users who inject drugs, i.e., 0.4% of the population aged 15 to 64. Based on the analysis of data on drug-related deaths, it can be noted that there has been a decline in the number of deaths in the past five years, and most of these cases are related to opiates. In the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the production of heroin has not been recorded, and that gives trafficking a greater primacy, which is supported by the fact that high quality heroin is further trafficked in the form of a base that is mixed with other substances (paracetamol, caffeine, sugar etc.). In this way, such a high degree of purity of heroin allows the members of criminal groups to increase the quantity of narcotics by mixing substances suitable for this and, in that way, achieve greater profits. The most commonly used illegal drug among the adult population is cannabis (marijuana and hashish), and the use of the mentioned drugs has been recorded at least once during a lifetime in 7.7% of subjects aged 18 to 64 (10.4% of men and 4.9% of women). The use of other illegal drugs is very rare; 1.6% of questioned individuals (2.5% of the population aged 18 to 34) have used other illegal drugs.

scholarly journals Organized Begging: History, Concept and Features

Lex Russica ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
A. K. Teokharov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Real People ◽  
New Type ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

This paper is one of the first studies on a relatively new type of criminal activity, namely organized begging.Modern begging is no longer associated with deprivation, poverty, homelessness, starvation and unemployment. The results of the study suggest that now begging is one of the ways of parasitism on mercy and naivety (the number of real people in need of financial support is 5-10%, and in Moscow and St. Petersburg this figure is even lower and does not exceed 2-3 %). Under the leadership of organized criminal groups, begging has become a criminal industry.The paper investigates the causes of organized begging. The author concludes that the condition of its occurrence was the decriminalization of systematic vagrancy or begging together with the abolition of administrative responsibility for these anti-social actions. The study is relevant because the modern legal literature lacks a single concept of begging as a type of illegal activity supervised by organized crime. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the most acceptable and reflecting the specifics of the considered anti-social phenomenon is the concept of «organized begging». For the first time in the Russian legal literature the definition of organized begging is given. According to the author, it is understood as a negative social phenomenon, which is an organized criminal activity aimed at making a profit from begging by others.The features of organized begging are defined: 1) organized nature of activity; 2) the use of voluntary forced labor; 3) the commission of crimes against the freedom, honor and dignity of the individual; 4) pronounced ethnic or related nature of the formation; 5) obtaining super profits; 6) corruption of state bodies.

scholarly journals Researching Drug Sellers: An ‘experiential’ account from ‘the field’

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Ward
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Illegal Activity ◽  
Research Relationship ◽  
Drug Selling

Ethnographic research techniques are well regarded as a way to elicit detailed understandings of human interaction. They are particularly useful for examining ‘deviant’ cultures and the dynamics of illegal activity. Though, ethnographic research on illegal activity can be ‘messy’. This paper reports some practical and ethical issues encountered while carrying out an ethnographic study of drug use and drug selling among ‘rave’ dance participants in London. In particular it addresses the issue of using friendship to assist the research relationship and the use of a semi-covert style of research. Connected to this, it touches on the emotional work of the fieldworker whilst undertaking ‘sensitive’ research. It makes a timely contribution to discussions of ‘reflexivity’ in the research process, as well as the discourse on social sciences research governance. It argues the standardized codes of ethical conduct can not easily be translated to ethnographic research on criminal activity, such as drug use and drug selling.

The relationship between traffic and non-traffic offending in Western Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486582199586
Author(s):  
Monica L Crosetta ◽  
Paul House ◽  
Jesse Parmar ◽  
Christine McComb ◽  
Elizabeth Pritchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Australian Bureau ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Criminal Histories ◽  
Australian Bureau Of Statistics ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Traffic Offence

Self-selection policing is an approach whereby serious underlying criminality is detected by an offender’s minor crimes (known as trigger offences). Strategic offences are offences that indicate an increased likelihood that the associated offender will engage in later offending. The purpose of this study was to determine if first-time serious traffic offending in Western Australia indicates previous and/or future non-traffic criminality, thereby demonstrating the utility of serious traffic offences as trigger offences and strategic offences. The authors collated the crime data of all first-time serious traffic offenders in Western Australia between December 2004 and December 2014. Using this data, survival analyses were conducted to determine if and when a first-time serious traffic offender committed an initial non-traffic offence within 10 years of their first serious traffic offence. When comparing this data to data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the authors found that first-time serious traffic offenders are more likely than the average Western Australian to have a previous or future initial non-traffic offence. Some groups of first-time traffic offenders were more likely to commit non-traffic offences than others including males, individuals under the age of 25, drug drivers and drivers without authority. These results support the use of first-time serious traffic offences as trigger/strategic offences and could be used to identify and divert traffic offenders with versatile criminal histories and traffic offenders at risk of future criminal activity.

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