scholarly journals Effects of Response Option Order on Likert-Type Psychometric Properties and Reactions

2022 ◽  
pp. 001316442110694
Author(s):  
Chet Robie ◽  
Adam W. Meade ◽  
Stephen D. Risavy ◽  
Sabah Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Response Option ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Careless Responding ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Participant Reactions

The effects of different response option orders on survey responses have been studied extensively. The typical research design involves examining the differences in response characteristics between conditions with the same item stems and response option orders that differ in valence—either incrementally arranged (e.g., strongly disagree to strongly agree) or decrementally arranged (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree). The present study added two additional experimental conditions—randomly incremental or decremental and completely randomized. All items were presented in an item-by-item format. We also extended previous studies by including an examination of response option order effects on: careless responding, correlations between focal predictors and criteria, and participant reactions, all the while controlling for false discovery rate and focusing on the size of effects. In a sample of 1,198 university students, we found little to no response option order effects on a recognized personality assessment vis-à-vis measurement equivalence, scale mean differences, item-level distributions, or participant reactions. However, the completely randomized response option order condition differed on several careless responding indices suggesting avenues for future research.

Smoothing Facilitates the Detection of Coupled Responses in Psychophysiological Time Series

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni Kettunen ◽  
Niklas Ravaja ◽  
Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Type I ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Smoothing Methods ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Different Response

Abstract We examined the use of smoothing to enhance the detection of response coupling from the activity of different response systems. Three different types of moving average smoothers were applied to both simulated interbeat interval (IBI) and electrodermal activity (EDA) time series and to empirical IBI, EDA, and facial electromyography time series. The results indicated that progressive smoothing increased the efficiency of the detection of response coupling but did not increase the probability of Type I error. The power of the smoothing methods depended on the response characteristics. The benefits and use of the smoothing methods to extract information from psychophysiological time series are discussed.

scholarly journals Validation of Reference Genes for Studying Different Abiotic Stresses in oat (Avena sativa L.) by RT-qPCR

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Judit Tajti ◽  
Magda Pál ◽  
Tibor Janda
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Gene Expression Studies

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a widely cultivated cereal with high nutritional value and it is grown mainly in temperate regions. The number of studies dealing with gene expression changes in oat continues to increase, and to obtain reliable RT-qPCR results it is essential to establish and use reference genes with the least possible influence caused by experimental conditions. However, no detailed study has been conducted on reference genes in different tissues of oat under diverse abiotic stress conditions. In our work, nine candidate reference genes (ACT, TUB, CYP, GAPD, UBC, EF1, TBP, ADPR, PGD) were chosen and analysed by four statistical methods (GeNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, RefFinder). Samples were taken from two tissues (leaves and roots) of 13-day-old oat plants exposed to five abiotic stresses (drought, salt, heavy metal, low and high temperatures). ADPR was the top-rated reference gene for all samples, while different genes proved to be the most stable depending on tissue type and treatment combinations. TUB and EF1 were most affected by the treatments in general. Validation of reference genes was carried out by PAL expression analysis, which further confirmed their reliability. These results can contribute to reliable gene expression studies for future research in cultivated oat.

scholarly journals Reputations for Resolve and Higher-Order Beliefs in Crisis Bargaining

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200272199554
Author(s):  
Allan Dafoe ◽  
Remco Zwetsloot ◽  
Matthew Cebul
Keyword(s):  
Belief Change ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
First Order ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Higher Order Effects

Reputations for resolve are said to be one of the few things worth fighting for, yet they remain inadequately understood. Discussions of reputation focus almost exclusively on first-order belief change— A stands firm, B updates its beliefs about A’s resolve. Such first-order reputational effects are important, but they are not the whole story. Higher-order beliefs—what A believes about B’s beliefs, and so on—matter a great deal as well. When A comes to believe that B is more resolved, this may decrease A’s resolve, and this in turn may increase B’s resolve, and so on. In other words, resolve is interdependent. We offer a framework for estimating higher-order effects, and find evidence of such reasoning in a survey experiment on quasi-elites. Our findings indicate both that states and leaders can develop potent reputations for resolve, and that higher-order beliefs are often responsible for a large proportion of these effects (40 percent to 70 percent in our experimental setting). We conclude by complementing the survey with qualitative evidence and laying the groundwork for future research.

Regional Industrial Economic Development Based on Social Innovation Competitiveness of Economic Cluster

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 3519-3530
Author(s):  
Jing Bian ◽  
Siyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Industrial Economic

Objectives: With the rapid development of the regional economy, its growth mechanism and competitiveness have gradually attracted people's attention. Based on the social innovation competitiveness of economic clusters, the regional industrial economic development has been studied. Methods: Taking the economic growth effect and industrial agglomeration effect of industrial output value as the object of study, the industrial data is used to subdivide three matching mechanisms: factor structure and industrial association, regional or urban scale and industrial structure, market scale and industrial choice. Results: The results show that different types of industries have different response characteristics to the three matching mechanisms, and there are phenomena of industry and spatial differentiation of matching mechanisms. Conclusion: The research has a certain role in promoting the social innovation of economic clusters and the development of regional industrial economy.

The Role of Incubation in Creative Problem Solving: Within a Collectivistic Cultural Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Rabia Anjum ◽  
Ivan Suneel
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Creative Problem

Creative thinking is essential for the progress in education, industry and life in general. Incubation is a widely studied phenomenon in creativity research, referring to leaving a problem aside for a period, to accrue performance on a creative problem. This study investigated the effect of incubation on creative problem-solving by means of a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, and remote associates tasks (RATs) were used as a measure of creative problem-solving. For this purpose, a sample of 60 students (22 males, 38 females) was recruited from the population of a private university. They were assigned to a control condition and two different experimental conditions based on the time of onset of incubation. The data collected was analyzed for a significant effect across all conditions by means of a chi-squared test and covariates were inferred by means of Spearman's Rho, with a significance level set at ?<.05. The results did not find an incubation effect in creative problem-solving, and several possible explanations may account for this trend, especially the limited cross-cultural application of measurement tools and theoretical paradigms. The disparity is especially prominent with regards to Pakistan, which is predominantly collectivistic, and the educational system stymies creative thinking. Future research must take into account the relevance of culture in creative problem-solving, and propose solutions to circumvent the dearth of creative potential in developing nations such as Pakistan. Keywords: Incubation, Creative Problem-Solving, Creativity, Remote Associate Tasks, Cross-Cultural Psychology

Careless Responding and Insufficient Effort Responding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason L. Huang ◽  
Zhonghao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Control Variable ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Deviant Behaviors ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Careless Responding ◽  
Survey Length ◽  
Business And Management

Careless responding, also known as insufficient effort responding, refers to survey/test respondents providing random, inattentive, or inconsistent answers to question items due to lack of effort in conforming to instructions, interpreting items, and/or providing accurate responses. Researchers often use these two terms interchangeably to describe deviant behaviors in survey/test responding that threaten data quality. Careless responding threatens the validity of research findings by bringing in random and systematic errors. Specifically, careless responding can reduce measurement reliability, while under specific circumstances it can also inflate the substantive relations between variables. Numerous factors can explain why careless responding happens (or does not happen), such as individual difference characteristics (e.g., conscientiousness), survey characteristics (e.g., survey length), and transient psychological states (e.g., positive and negative affect). To identify potential careless responding, researchers can use procedural detection methods and post hoc statistical methods. For example, researchers can insert detection items (e.g., infrequency items, instructed response items) into the questionnaire, monitor participants’ response time, and compute statistical indices, such as psychometric antonym/synonym, Mahalanobis distance, individual reliability, individual response variability, and model fit statistics. Application of multiple detection methods would be better able to capture careless responding given convergent evidence. Comparison of results based on data with and without careless respondents can help evaluate the degree to which the data are influenced by careless responding. To handle data contaminated by careless responding, researchers may choose to filter out identified careless respondents, recode careless responses as missing data, or include careless responding as a control variable in the analysis. To prevent careless responding, researchers have tried utilizing various deterrence methods developed from motivational and social interaction theories. These methods include giving warning, rewarding, or educational messages, proctoring the process of responding, and designing user-friendly surveys. Interest in careless responding has been growing not only in business and management but also in other related disciplines. Future research and practice on careless responding in the business and management areas can also benefit from findings in other related disciplines.

Data Mining in Gene Expression Analysis

2008 ◽  
pp. 1643-1673
Author(s):  
Jilin Han ◽  
Le Gruenwald ◽  
Tyrrell Conway
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gene Expression Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

The study of gene expression levels under defined experimental conditions is an important approach to understand how a living cell works. High-throughput microarray technology is a very powerful tool for simultaneously studying thousands of genes in a single experiment. This revolutionary technology results in an extensive amount of data, which raises an important question: how to extract meaningful biological information from these data? In this chapter, we survey data mining techniques that have been used for clustering, classification and association rules for gene expression data analysis. In addition, we provide a comprehensive list of currently available commercial and academic data mining software together with their features. Lastly, we suggest future research directions.

Responses of isolated pulmonary arteries to the C5a anaphylatoxin

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. H1325-H1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Crowell ◽  
D. E. Van Epps ◽  
W. P. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
H1 Receptor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Resting Tension ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Anaphylatoxin C5a ◽  
Different Response ◽  
C5a Anaphylatoxin ◽  
H1 Receptor Antagonist

The anaphylatoxin C5a possesses spasmogenic activity in smooth muscle tissues. In this study, we examined the effect of C5a on isolated rabbit pulmonary artery (PA) ring segments under a variety of experimental conditions. C5a (1-100 nM) caused transient constriction of PA at resting tension. C5a-induced PA constriction was not affected by the histamine H1-receptor antagonist pyrilamine (1 microM) but was significantly decreased by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (1 microM). Disruption of the endothelial layer of the vessel had no effect on C5a activity in resting PA. PA, which had been preconstricted with norepinephrine (5 microM), exhibited a different response to C5a than PA at resting tension, however. C5a (1-10 nM) induced a biphasic response in preconstricted PA, initially causing further constriction followed by a greater degree of relaxation resulting in an overall decrease in PA tension. All responses of preconstricted PA to C5a were completely eliminated by indomethacin and significantly depressed by endothelial disruption. These data indicate that C5a interacts directly with isolated rabbit PA, but the nature of the PA response to this peptide depends on several variables including the presence or absence of active PA tension and cyclooxygenase metabolites, and the presence of intact endothelium.

Exploring the Role of Complexity, Content and Individual Differences in Aesthetic Reactions to Semi-Abstract Art Photographs

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-119
Author(s):  
Nathalie Vissers ◽  
Pieter Moors ◽  
Dominique Genin ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Science Collaboration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Response

Artistic photography is an interesting, but often overlooked, medium within the field of empirical aesthetics. Grounded in an art–science collaboration with art photographer Dominique Genin, this project focused on the relationship between the complexity of a photograph and its aesthetic appeal (beauty, pleasantness, interest). An artistic series of 24 semi-abstract photographs that play with multiple layers, recognisability vs unrecognizability and complexity was specifically created and selected for the project. A large-scale online study with a broad range of individuals (n = 453, varying in age, gender and art expertise) was set up. Exploratory data-driven analyses revealed two clusters of individuals, who responded differently to the photographs. Despite the semi-abstract nature of the photographs, differences seemed to be driven more consistently by the ‘content’ of the photograph than by its complexity levels. No consistent differences were found between clusters in age, gender or art expertise. Together, these results highlight the importance of exploratory, data-driven work in empirical aesthetics to complement and nuance findings from hypotheses-driven studies, as they allow to go further than a priori assumptions, to explore underlying clusters of participants with different response patterns, and to point towards new venues for future research. Data and code for the analyses reported in this article can be found at https://osf.io/2fws6/.

scholarly journals Challenges and Advances in Genome Editing Technologies in Streptomyces

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawei Zhao ◽  
Guoquan Li ◽  
Yunliang Chen ◽  
Yinhua Lu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The genome of Streptomyces encodes a high number of natural product (NP) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Most of these BGCs are not expressed or are poorly expressed (commonly called silent BGCs) under traditional laboratory experimental conditions. These NP BGCs represent an unexplored rich reservoir of natural compounds, which can be used to discover novel chemical compounds. To activate silent BGCs for NP discovery, two main strategies, including the induction of BGCs expression in native hosts and heterologous expression of BGCs in surrogate Streptomyces hosts, have been adopted, which normally requires genetic manipulation. So far, various genome editing technologies have been developed, which has markedly facilitated the activation of BGCs and NP overproduction in their native hosts, as well as in heterologous Streptomyces hosts. In this review, we summarize the challenges and recent advances in genome editing tools for Streptomyces genetic manipulation with a focus on editing tools based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems. Additionally, we discuss the future research focus, especially the development of endogenous CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technologies in Streptomyces.

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