The U.S. Children's Bureau and Infant Mortality in the Progressive Era

1995 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriste Lindenmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Welfare Policy ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
National Effort ◽  
The U.S

Early in the twentieth century, a growing child welfare movement led to the establishment of the first federal agency in the world, the U.S. Children's Bureau, designated to investigate and report on the circumstances of children. Appointed in 1912, the agency's first director, Julia Lathrop, focused on infant mortality, beginning with a year's study in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The work stimulated a national effort to “save babies.” The Bureau's efforts led to the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, which funded educational and diagnostic work to lower the nation's high infant mortality rate. But this type of effort was short-lived. The article describes the course of the agency's work in the Progressive Era and evaluates its effect on current child welfare policy, a key area in the ongoing controversy over “welfare reform” and the role of the federal government in the provision of human services.

scholarly journals The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Das ◽  
Barkha Chaplot ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

The Shift from Pro-Fertility Norms to Individual-Choice Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Inglehart
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
The U.S

Secularization is accelerating. From 1981 to 2007, more than two-thirds of the publics for which we have data became more religious, but then a major shift occurred: from 2007 to 2020, more than four-fifths of these publics became less religious. Up to 2007 the U.S. showed little change, but since then it showed the largest shift of any country away from religion and now ranks among the world’s least religious publics. One generally overlooked reason for accelerating secularization is that, for centuries, most religions encouraged pro-fertility norms that limit women to producing as many children as possible and discourage any sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. These norms were needed when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy but now are rapidly giving way to individual-choice norms supporting gender equality and tolerance of divorce, abortion, and LGBTQ people. Pro-fertility norms are so strongly linked with religion that abandoning them undermines religiosity.

scholarly journals Dominasi Medis Modern Atas Medis Tradisional Suku Sumuri, Teluk Bintuni, Papua Barat

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Atik Triratnawati
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Community Leader

Declaration 1990-2015 MDG's 4 and 5 points in Indonesia fail due to a decrease in maternal and infant mortality rate is not reached until three quarters. Sumuri District, in West Papua is one of the area that maternal and infant mortality rates high, althought free health care for its residents. This paper wants to explore how the interaction between modern medicine and local medicine so the dominant health care in the community will be identified. Ethnographic study by living together with the local community to make the observation of the patient's health centers, community leader interviews, adult population, health workers and mini Focus Group Discussion among 4 mothers who has under 5 years old children conducted in June 2014. Government, oil and gas companies are aggressively introducing modern medical to the residents of SumuriDistrict, as a result communities have high interest to visit the health center for treatment and natural healing tends to disappear. New health institutions such as health centers, integrated health, midwives, nurses, physicians are able to shift the role of traditional birth attendants, traditional healer or traditional medicine. As a result of social relations within the extended family was replaced by a stronger role of midwives, nurses and doctors. However, the older generation tends to be more suitable with traditional healing compare to modern medicine.

"The Innate Constitutional Vigor of Black Youth"

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Theodore Friedmann
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Black Youth ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Problems

The recent article (48: 979, 1971) by M. E. Wegman on "Annual Summary of Vital Statistics-1970," shows clearly that this country has not yet solved the medical and socioeconomic problems which contribute to our inordinately high infant mortality rate, especially among nonwhites. It is a bit puzzling, though, to read in such an article that one can clearly recognize "the innate constitutional vigor of black youtone has only to look at the sports pages daily."

scholarly journals Dry care versus chlorhexidine cord care for prevention of omphalitis. Systematic review with meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Dolores López-Medina ◽  
Manuel Linares-Abad ◽  
Ana Belén López-Araque ◽  
Isabel María López-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Cord Care ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Umbilical Cord Care ◽  
Hospital Births

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the effect of dry care and the application of chlorhexidine to the umbilical cord of newborns at risk of developing omphalitis. Method: systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical trials comparing dry care with the application of clorexidine to evaluate omphalitis were selected. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. Results: the joint analysis of the studies shows a significant decrease in the risk of omphalitis in the chlorhexidine group compared to the dry care group (RR=0.58, CI: 0.53-0.64). However, in the analysis by subgroups, chlorhexidine umbilical cord care did not reduce the risk of omphalitis in hospital births (RR=0.82, CI: 0.64-1.05), in countries with a low infant mortality rate (RR=0.8, CI: 0.5-1.28), or at chlorhexidine concentrations below 4% (RR=0.55, CI: 0.31-1). Chlorhexidine acted as a protective factor at a concentration of 4% (RR=0.58, CI: 0.53-0.64), when applied in cases of home births (RR=0.57, CI: 0.51-0.62), in countries with a high infant mortality rate (RR=0.57, CI: 0.52-0.63). Conclusion: dry cord care is effective in countries with low infant mortality rate and in hospital births. However, 4% chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care protects against omphalitis in home births, in countries with a high infant mortality rate.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Infant Mortality: Have We Reached a Plateau?

2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 670-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian F. MacDorman ◽  
T.J. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The U.S

Objectives. Infant mortality is a major indicator of the health of a nation. We analyzed recent patterns and trends in U.S. infant mortality, with an emphasis on two of the greatest challenges: ( 1) persistent racial and ethnic disparities and ( 2) the impact of preterm and low birthweight delivery. Methods. Data from the national linked birth/infant death datasets were used to compute infant mortality rates per 100,000 live births by cause of death (COD), and per 1,000 live births for all other variables. Infant mortality rates and other measures of infant health were analyzed and compared. Leading and preterm-related CODs, and international comparisons of infant mortality rates were also examined. Results. Despite the rapid decline in infant mortality during the 20th century, the U.S. infant mortality rate did not decline from 2000 to 2005, and declined only marginally in 2006. Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality have persisted and increased, as have the percentages of preterm and low birthweight deliveries. After decades of improvement, the infant mortality rate for very low birthweight infants remained unchanged from 2000 to 2005. Infant mortality rates from congenital malformations and sudden infant death syndrome declined; however, rates for preterm-related CODs increased. The U.S. international ranking in infant mortality fell from 12th place in 1960 to 30th place in 2005. Conclusions. Infant mortality is a complex and multifactorial problem that has proved resistant to intervention efforts. Continued increases in preterm and low birthweight delivery present major challenges to further improvement in the infant mortality rate.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Birk
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Foster Care ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Foster Children ◽  
Foster Parents ◽  
Family Preservation ◽  
Dependent Child ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
Child Welfare Policy

This epilogue examines how changes in child welfare policy were affected by the decline of the farm home as a symbol of American prosperity, the appropriate levels of work and education for children, the expense of placement, the problems with supervision, and efforts at family preservation. It explains how the decisions made during the Progressive Era to rationalize, study, centralize, and professionalize institutionalization and placement permanently altered the methods of care for dependent children throughout the country. It suggests that the farm placement system changed in part because the farm itself was in transition, and that foster care was also unsuccessful in ways similar to the practice it was purported to replace. Finally, it considers problems with dependent child care policy that persist until today, in which foster children are trapped in a web of bureaucracy that undermines conscientious foster parents from being able to parent.

scholarly journals Evolution and current state of global research on paediatric resuscitation: a systematic scientometric analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean S. Scholz ◽  
Rainer Borgstedt ◽  
Leoni C. Menzel ◽  
Sebastian Rehberg ◽  
Gerrit Jansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Infant Mortality

Abstract Background Paediatric resuscitation is rare but potentially associated with maximal lifetime reduction. Notably, several nations experience high infant mortality rates even today. To improve clinical outcomes and promote research, detailed analyses on evolution and current state of research on paediatric resuscitation are necessary. Methods Research on paediatric resuscitation published in-between 1900 and 2019 were searched using Web of Science. Metadata were extracted and analyzed based on the science performance evaluation (SciPE) protocol. Research performance was evaluated regarding quality and quantity over time, including comparisons to adult resuscitation. National research performance was related to population, financial capacities, infant mortality rate, collaborations, and authors’ gender. Results Similar to adult resuscitation, research performance on paediatric resuscitation grew exponentially with most original articles being published during the last decade (1106/1896). The absolute number, however, is only 14% compared to adults. The United States dominate global research by contributing the highest number of articles (777), Hirsch-Index (70), and citations (18,863). The most productive collaboration was between the United States and Canada (52). When considering nation’s population and gross domestic product (GDP) rate, Norway is leading regarding population per article (62,467), per Hirsch-Index (223,841), per citation (2226), and per GDP (2.3E-04). Regarding publications per infant mortality rate, efforts of India and Brazil are remarkable. Out of the 100 most frequently publishing researchers, 25% were female. Conclusion Research efforts on paediatric resuscitation have increased but remain underrepresented. Specifically, nations with high infant mortality rates should be integrated by collaborations. Additional efforts are required to overcome gender disparities.

The Role of Industrial Schools and Control over Child Welfare in Ireland in the Twentieth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead Pembroke
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Child Welfare Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Industrial Schools ◽  
Irish People ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Family Setting ◽  
And Control ◽  
Industrial School

This article explores the growth and development of Industrial Schools following independence in Ireland with a particular focus on children within the family setting and how these institutions influenced child welfare policy in Ireland. Twenty-five unstructured interviews were conducted with male and female former Industrial School ‘inmates’. This article focuses on the research gathered from these, with a particular emphasis placed on the data that emerged relating to their background and this is further supplemented by that collected in the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA) Report (2009). This article draws on a Foucauldian perspective in order to understand how institutions regulated the lives of Irish people (in this case children and their families), through the definition of what is ‘normal’ and identifying who is seen to deviate from this.

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