Homicide Patterns in the Toyama Prefecture, Japan

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Kominato ◽  
Ichiro Shimada ◽  
Nobuhide Hata ◽  
Hisao Takizawa ◽  
Takashi Fujikura
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Close Family

Homicides occurring in the Toyama prefecture, Japan, during the past 10 years were reviewed. Between 1985 and 1994, 56 offenders committed 63 homicides. The mean death rate for homicide was 0.55 per 100,000. The ratio of male to female victims was 1:1, while 82% of the assailants were male and 18% were female. The victim and the assailant had a close family relationship in 58.7% of the cases. Dyadic death (homicide followed by suicide) accounted for 27% of all victims. Twenty-nine per cent of the victims were murdered by mentally unstable offenders, and in almost half (44%) of the cases the offender was convicted. Homicides during robbery were rare (only two cases), and there was only one homicide during sexual assault. Death was caused by blunt instrument injury in 38.1% of cases, asphyxia in 31.7%, stabbing in 17.5%, burns in 9.5% and shooting in 3.2% (only two cases). The majority (80%) of homicides occurred at the residence of the victim(s). None of the victims had a history of drug abuse. Social conditions in Toyama prefecture, and their possible relevance to local homicide patterns, are discussed briefly.

Psychiatric Morbidity in Sentenced Segregated HIV-Positive Prisoners

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 802-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Dorman ◽  
Art O'Connor ◽  
Eamonn Hardiman ◽  
Aideen Freyne ◽  
Helen O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Matched Control Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

In this comparative study with a control group of prisoners, psychiatric morbidity was measured in two groups of sentenced prisoners, each group completing the GHQ-30 and 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Group 1 consisted of 40 segregated HIV-positive prisoners and group 2 a matched control group in the main prison who had no history of HIV seropositivity. All members of group 1 had a history of intravenous drug abuse. The mean GHQ-30 and BDI scores were significantly higher in group 1, and 90% of group 1 were psychiatric ‘cases’ compared with just over 42% of group 2. Levels of psychiatric morbidity present in a third group, consisting of HIV-positive prisoners who had not been segregated (prison authorities were unaware of their seropositivity) are an interesting pointer for further research.

Stroke in a Subsaharan Nigerian Hospital—A Retrospective Study

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Bwala
Keyword(s):  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attacks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hospital Deaths ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Male To Female

The case records of 53 consecutive Nigerian inpatients with stroke in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at presentation was 55 years and the male to female ratio was 2.5: 1. The mean duration of symptoms before presentation was 11.1 weeks and the average duration of stay in hospital was 3 weeks. Thirty-three (63%) of the lesions were infarctive and 19 (37%) were haemorrhagic. Only 3 (6%) patients gave a history of prior transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). Forty-two (79%) patients were hypertensive at presentation out of which 27 (64%) had the hypertension diagnosed for the first time. Four (8%) patients were non-insulin dependent diabetics. There were 11 hospital deaths (21%). Thus hypertension, more than half undiagnosed at admission, was the most common risk factor for stroke in the hospital population studied.

Saltation and suspension trajectories of solid grains in a water stream

1977 ◽  
Vol 284 (1321) ◽  
pp. 225-254 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Gradient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Conservation Of Momentum ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exposure Technique

This paper continues the investigation of the motion of solitary grains in a water stream, reported by Francis (1973)- The trajectories of solid grains are photographed by a multi-exposure technique as they are propelled by water streams along the bed of a laboratory channel. Many thousands of photographs were taken and analysed to determine the positions, velocities and accelerations of the grain. The technique does not take into account the possible effect, in multi-grain transport, of intergranular collisions. The three different modes of transport of grains were all observed — rolling, saltation and suspension, and the proportion of each found for a variety of transport stage w*/w*0. The development of suspension is much less rapid than the development of saltation from rolling, but even at the highest stage used, about 3.0, there is still a small amount of rolling. The trajectory dimensions and geometry are shown in relation to the stage which uniquely determines the geometry. Experiments where the grain is suddenly entrained from a stationary position show that several features of the subsequent trajectory are the same as those of a trajectory with a prior history of movement: thus it is inferred that the start of a trajectory is by way of hydrodynamic forces rather than by the conservation of momentum of previous trajectories. Impacts and trajectories were analysed for the coefficient of friction tan cc and for the height of the effective thrust. While tan a is shown to be rather larger than has been suspected in the past, the variation of yn throws light upon predominance of slow fluid near the bed rather than high speed inrushes of fast fluid. Better information is now available for finding the mean forward speed of grains compared to that presented in the earlier paper. There are grounds for believing the existence of a * shear-drift ’ force on grains when they are in a velocity gradient, giving a force opposing gravity: but there is no evidence of a proximity effect of the bed independent of the velocity gradient.

scholarly journals Clinical Spectrum and Neuroimaging Changes in Neurodegenerative Disorder-Experiences in Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Gopen Kumar Kundu ◽  
Rumana Islam ◽  
Noor E-Sabah ◽  
ABM Mukib
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male To Female

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive loss of previously acquired skills that are of varied etiology, clinical manifestations, and natural course. There is a paucity of data on clinical profile of neurodegenerative diseases in our population. We conducted a retrospective study with 68 diagnosed cases of NDD at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Among them, more than one-third of children were in 1-5 years age group. The mean age was 10.2±3.1 year and male to female ratio was 2:1. Fifty percent of cases had a history of consanguineous parents. Leukodystrophy was most common (30.88%) among NDDs, followed by Wilson disease (26.47), SSPE (22.1%), and Degenerative Ataxia (20.59%). Motor skill regression was the most common presentation (97%), followed by speech regression in 91% and Gait disorder in 83% of children. Seizure was presenting features in 24% of children. Neuroimaging abnormalities were found in 80.88% NDD cases. Among them white matter hyper intensity in 29.41%, cerabeller atrophy in 13.25 %, and cerebral atropy in 11.76% of children. Eye changes were found in about two-thirds (69.12%) of cases of NDD. Among them, optic atrophy was found in 29.41%, and KF rings in 25.00% of cases.

scholarly journals High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Transgender Individuals in Tehran, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Jalali Nadoushan ◽  
Alaleh Bahramian ◽  
Mojgan Taban ◽  
Mojgan Taban ◽  
Kaveh Alavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Male To Female

Global evidence indicates that transgender people are disproportionately at risk for HIV infection. However, limited data are available characterizing sexual behaviors and HIV infection among transgender people in Iran. This study aims to determine the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors and HIV infection among transgender people in Iran. In 2009, we assessed data of 58 transgender individuals (41 female-to-male (FTM) and 17 male-to-female (MTF)). Their demographic characteristics and risky sexual behaviors, and other risky behaviors such as substance use were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Rapid tests were used to confirm HIV seropositivity. Fifty-four participants who provided blood samples, none were positive (exact 95% confidence intervals: 0.0, 0.07). 75.6% of FTM and 64.7% of MTF reported having sex in the past six months, respectively. Of the sample who reported having sex in the past six months (n=42), only 19% reported using condoms. No participants reported a history of injection. In this study of HIV infection among a small sample of transgender people in Iran, no one was HIV positive. Some reasons for these findings can be outlined as a lack of history of intravenous drug use and related behaviors, limited high-risk relationships and behaviors, and the limited number of males among the samples.

scholarly journals Indications for destructive ocular surgeries in Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Monsudi ◽  
AA Ayanniyi ◽  
AH Balarabe
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Eye ◽  
Ocular Surgery ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Common Indication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ocular Tumours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Type Of Surgery

Introduction: Destructive ocular surgery (DOS) means eye loss. An audit of its indications would be useful in reducing its incidence. Objective: To determine indications for destructive ocular surgeries. Materials and methods: The case records (files) of all the patients who had DOS in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria from January 2004 to December 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. The information extracted include the bio data, indication for DOS, type of surgery performed and history of the use of traditional eye medications (TEM) and willingness to use an artificial eye (AE). Results: Thirty-seven patients had DOS. The mean age of the patients was 35.51years (SD 21.6) and the male to female ratio was 2.1:1. Evisceration was the commonest DOS performed , in 30 eyes (81.1 %). The most common indication for DOS was intraocular infection, in 15 eyes (40.5 %), followed, among others, by trauma in 13 (35.1 %) and malignant ocular tumours in 4 (10.8 %). There was association between age and indication for DOS (P = 0.032). Many patients, 15 (40.5%), used TEM and most, 34 (91.9%), refused an artificial eye (AE) after surgery. Conclusions: The most common indication for DOS in this study was intraocular infection. Evisceration was the commonest destructive eye surgery offered. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):24-27 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7817

scholarly journals Epidemiological Profile and Determinants of Tuberculosis in Urban Nepalese Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Subash Bhatta ◽  
Nayana Pant
Keyword(s):  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Family ◽  
Directly Observed Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Male To Female

Introduction: Tuberculosis has evolved through ages to remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite having a very successful Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course program, tuberculosis is still one of the most widespread infections in Nepal. This study was done to observe the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis patients in an urban Nepalese population.Materials and Methods: 585 newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in two tertiary level hospitals in the country were enrolled in the study during a period of 18months. A standard questionnaire was formatted and the required information was acquired with the help of interview and investigation reports.Results: The mean age of presentation was 35.76 with a male to female ratio of 1.48:1.57% of the cases had less than primary education with 26 % being illiterates. The most commonly involved occupational group was farmers (22%) followed by students (20%) and laborers (14%). 22% of cases had a history of contact with tuberculosis in the family. 41 % were smokers and 18 % abused alcohol. Pulmonary tuberculosis comprised 68% of the total cases. The most common extrapulmonary presentation was lymph node TB (28%) followed by pleural effusion (21.5%) and tubercular meningitis (16%).Conclusions: Young people with lower literacy levels and with a family history of tuberculosis are at increased risk of acquiring tuberculosis and community approaches for tuberculosis control should target this group to reduce the burden of the disease

scholarly journals Relationship between atopic manifestations, family history of atopic disease and cord blood IgE levels in children

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Tisnasari Hafsah ◽  
Myrna Soepriadi ◽  
Budi Setiabudiawan ◽  
Herry Garna
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Atopic Disease ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Background The incidence of atopic disease tends to increaseover the past few decades and its morbidity interferes with thequality of life and health. Prediction of the disease is importantfor early prevention.Objective To evaluate the relationship between atopicmanifestations, family history (FH) of atopic disease and cordblood IgE (CB-IgE) levels.Methods We conducted an analytic observational study withcohort retrospective design on children with an average age of 3years whose CB-IgE had been measured at delivery inKiaracondong Primary Health Care during October–December2004. Manifestations of atopic disease were recorded using ISAACquestionaire for allergy. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, andlogistic regression analysis were used for analysis.Results Cord blood IgE was measured on 124 children after birth.Only 94 children (76%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Atopicdisease was found in 17 children (18%), consisting of 8 childrenwith atopic dermatitis, 4 with allergic rhinitis, and 5 suffered fromboth. There were significant differences in the mean value of CB-IgE (Z M-W =4.60; P<0.001) and FH (x 2 =19.059; P<0.001)between atopic and non atopic children. Cut off point of the CB-IgE concentration was 1.4 IU/mL (77.7%). The highest probabilityfor atopic manifestations was found in children who had highCB-IgE and positive FH (P=45%). Relative risk of children withhigh CB-IgE level in positive FH group was 3.636 (95% CI0.943;14.016).Conclusion CB-IgE level and family history of atopic disease arerisk factors for the development of atopic manifestation.

scholarly journals Current trends in routine myocardial revascularization

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
S. V. Ivanov ◽  
A. N. Sumin
Keyword(s):  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Myocardial Revascularization ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Perioperative Mortality ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Artery Disease

Highlights. A 12-year experience of myocardial revascularization at the Research Institute of Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases is reported. An increase in the number of patients with comorbidities resulted in more complex surgeries. Perioperative mortality and complication rates are consistent with the reported global data.Aim. To assess the temporal changes in baseline characteristics of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), the range of surgical interventions, and the structure of significant in-hospital complications following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Methods. 9,043 patients who underwent CABG between 2006 and 2018 were identified from a prospective CABG registry. 1,847 (20.4%) were women (the mean age of 63.11±7.4 years) and 7,196 (79.6%) were men (the mean age of 59.0±7.9 years). The main parameters on the underlying cardiovascular disease and comorbidities, the prevalence and extent of non-cardiac atherosclerosis, the type of CABG, and the volume of associated surgical interventions as well as the structure of perioperative complications were included in the statistical analysis.Results. We determined several trends characterizing the temporal changes in the clinical, morphological, and functional status of patients. The number of women undergoing CABG has increased 2.7-fold. The mean age of patients undergoing CABG has increased by 7.3 years. Patients are present with higher rates of comorbidities, including AF, diabetes (a 2.5-fold increase), hypertension (a 12% increase), as well as severe BCA stenoses (a 2.7-fold increase), a positive history of stroke, or TIA (a 2.1-fold increase). The number of combined surgical procedures during CABG has increased by 2.9. The prevalence of perioperative neurological and hemorrhagic complications requiring revision surgery, and deep wound infection have increased 4.3-fold. Waiting time for elective CABG has significantly reduced. The number of patients with a history of myocardial infarction (a 14.5% decrease) and severe peripheral artery disease has decreased. In-hospital mortality has decreased over the past decade.Conclusion. Over the past decade, the number of patients with comorbidities who require more complex surgeries has increased at the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. Perioperative mortality tends to decrease. However, an increase in the number of neurological, hemorrhagic, and infectious perioperative complications requires the initiation of new preventive measures.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Christian W. McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Past History ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Mobile Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

What are pandemics? The National Institutes of Health proposed pandemics must meet eight criteria: wide geographic extension, disease movement, high attack rates and explosiveness, minimal population immunity, novelty, infectiousness, contagiousness, and severity. The introduction explains that much of the way we confront pandemics now has been shaped by the past history of pandemic and epidemic disease. There is a clear relationship between disease and social conditions, conditions that do not exist everywhere and that will not be alleviated with biomedicine. The question of susceptibility—who gets a disease and why—is also important. Epidemics and pandemics cannot occur without a dense and mobile population.

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