The Impact of Acute Exercise Timing on Memory Interference

This study evaluated whether the timing of acute exercise can attenuate a memory interference effect. Across two experiments, participants completed an AB/AC memory task. Participants studied eight word pairs; four denoted AB (e.g., Hero – Apple) and four control (DE) pairs. Following this List 1, participants studied eight additional word pairs (List 2); four denoted AC, re-using words from the AB pairs (e.g., Hero – Project) and four control (FG) pairs. Following their study of both lists, participants completed a cued recall assessment. In Experiment 1 (N = 100), an acute exercise bout occurred before the AB/AC memory interference task, and the participants’ three lab visits (successive conditions) were control, moderate-intensity (50% HRR; heart rate reserve) exercise, and vigorous-intensity (80% HRR) exercise. In Experiment 2 (N = 68), the acute exercise occurred between List 1 and List 2, and the participants’ two lab visits (successive conditions) were a (80% HRR) vigorous-intensity exercise visit and a control visit. Across both experiments, we observed evidence of both proactive and retroactive interference ( p < .05), but acute exercise, regardless of intensity, did not attenuate this interference ( p > .05). Acute moderate-intensity exercise was better than control or vigorous-intensity exercise in enhancing associative memory ( p < .05), independent of interference. In Experiment 2, vigorous intensity exercise was associated with more pronounced interference ( p < .05). Our results suggest that acute exercise can enhance associative memory performance, with no attenuation of interference by exercise.

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Effects of Intensity-Specific Acute Exercise on Paired-Associative Memory and Memory Interference

Psych ◽

10.3390/psych1010020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 290-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lindsay Crawford ◽

Paul Loprinzi

Keyword(s):

Associative Memory ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Memory Function ◽

Specific Effect ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Memory Interference ◽

Vigorous Intensity

The improvement of memory performance is an ever-growing interest in research, with implications in many fields. Thus, identifying strategies to enhance memory and attenuate memory interference is of great public health and personal interest. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the role of intensity-specific acute exercise on improving paired-associative memory function and attenuating memory interference. A counterbalanced, randomized controlled, within-subject experimental design was employed. The three counterbalanced visits included a control visit, moderate-intensity exercise (50% of HRR; heart rate reserve) and vigorous-intensity exercise (80% of HRR), all of which occurred prior to the memory assessment. To evaluate memory interference, an AB/AC paired-associative task was implemented for each laboratory visit. The number of correctly recalled words from List 1 (AB–DE) was statistically significantly (F = 4.63, p = 0.01, η2p = 0.205) higher for the vigorous-intensity condition (M = 6.53, SD = 1.54) as compared to moderate-intensity (M = 6.11, SD = 1.59) and control (M = 5.00, SD = 2.56) conditions. No statistical significance was found between proactive interference or retroactive interference across the experimental conditions. This experiment provides evidence for an intensity-specific effect of acute exercise on short-term, paired-associative memory, but not memory interference.

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Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise in Attenuating Memory Interference: Considerations by Biological Sex

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55070331 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 331 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Johnson ◽

Crawford ◽

Zou ◽

Loprinzi

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Memory Task ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Adult Males ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Factorial Anova ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Memory Interference ◽

Main Effect ◽

Randomized Controlled Experiment

Background and Objectives: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of acute exercise on memory interference and determine if this potential relationship is moderated by sex. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled experiment was conducted (N = 40), involving young adult males (n = 20) and females (n = 20) completing two counterbalanced visits (exercise and no exercise). The exercise visit involved an acute (15 min), moderate-intensity bout of treadmill exercise, while the control visit involved a time-matched seated task. Memory interference, including both proactive interference and retroactive interference, involved the completion of a multi-trial memory task. Results: In a factorial ANOVA with the outcome being List B, there was a main effect for condition (F(1,38) = 5.75, P = 0.02, n2p = 0.13), but there was no main effect for sex (F(1,38) = 1.39, P = 0.24, n2p = 0.04) or sex by condition interaction (F(1,38) = 1.44, P = 0.23, n2p = 0.04). Conclusion: In conclusion, acute moderate-intensity exercise was effective in attenuating a proactive memory interference effect. This effect was not moderated by biological sex.

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The Effects of Acute Exercise on Retroactive Memory Interference

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117119866138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul D. Loprinzi ◽

Emily Frith ◽

Lindsay Crawford

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Memory Task ◽

Word List ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Memory Interference ◽

Standard Difference ◽

Size Standard ◽

List Memory

Purpose: Retroactive interference involves the disruption of previously encoded information from newly learned information and thus may impair the consolidation of long-term memory. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether acute exercise can attenuate retroactive memory interference. Design: Three experimental studies were employed. Experiment 1 employed a between-subject randomized control trial (RCT) involving moderate-intensity walking (15 minutes). Experiment 2 employed a between-subject RCT involving high-intensity jogging (15 minutes). Experiment 3 employed a within-subject RCT involving moderate-intensity walking (15 minutes). Setting: University setting. Participants: One hundred twelve young adults. Measures: After exercise, memory interference was evaluated from an episodic word-list memory task, involving the recall of 2 word lists. Results: The pooled effect size (standard difference in means: −0.35; 95% confidence interval: −0.64 to −0.06) across the 3 experiments was statistically significant ( P = .01). Conclusion: We provide suggestive evidence that acute, short-duration exercise may help attenuate a retroactive memory interference effect. Implications of these findings for exercise to improve memory and attenuate memory decay are discussed.

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Exercise and Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Psych ◽

10.3390/psych1010030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 405-411

Author(s):

Justin Cantrelle ◽

Paul Loprinzi

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Retrieval Practice ◽

Memory Task ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Control Group ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Parallel Group ◽

Main Effect ◽

Induced Forgetting ◽

Experimental Group

Retrieving a subset of items from memory can cause forgetting of other related items in memory, referred to as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). This type of forgetting (RIF) is thought to be related to working memory and executive control processes, of which are known to be influenced by acute exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether acute exercise could accentuate RIF. A two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled intervention was employed. Participants (N = 40) were randomized into one of two groups, including an experimental group (15-min of moderate-intensity exercise) and a control group (time-matched seated task). Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) and retrieval practice (RP) were assessed from a category-exemplar memory task. There was no significant main effect for RIF and no group by RIF interaction, suggesting that acute exercise did not alter RIF more than the control group. There was a significant main effect for RP, but there was no group by RP interaction. These RP findings align with the RIF findings, indicating that acute exercise did not alter RP more so than the control group. In conclusion, our experimental results do not provide support for an association of acute exercise on retrieval-induced forgetting or retrieval practice.

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Combined effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on memory

Physiology International ◽

10.1556/2060.2020.00017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 107 (2) ◽

pp. 337-348

Author(s):

M. Jung ◽

I. Brizes ◽

S. Wages ◽

P. Ponce ◽

M. Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Recall Performance ◽

Acute Hypoxia ◽

Memory Function ◽

Cued Recall ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Hypoxia Exposure ◽

Memory Interference ◽

Recall Memory

AbstractNo previous studies have evaluated the potential combined effects of acute exercise and acute hypoxia exposure on memory function, which was the purpose of this study. Twenty-five participants (Mage = 21.2 years) completed two laboratory visits in a counterbalanced order, involving 1) acute exercise (a 20-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise) and then 30 min of exposure to hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.12), and 2) exposure to hypoxia alone (FIO2 = 0.12) for 30 min. Following this, participants completed a cued-recall and memory interference task (AB/AC paradigm), assessing cued-recall memory (recall 1 and recall 2) and memory interference (proactive and retroactive interference). For cued-recall memory, we observed a significant main effect for condition, with Exercise + Hypoxia condition having significantly greater cued-recall performance than Hypoxia alone. Memory interference did not differ as a function of the experimental condition. This experiment demonstrates that engaging in an acute bout of exercise prior to acute hypoxia exposure had an additive effect in enhancing cued-recall memory performance.

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Acute Exercise, Psychological Stress Induction, and Episodic Memory

American Journal of Health Behavior ◽

10.5993/ajhb.43.6.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 1016-1029

Author(s):

Paul D. Loprinzi ◽

Lauren Koehler ◽

Emily Frith ◽

Pamela Ponce ◽

Dylan Delancey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Psychological Stress ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Memory Function ◽

Memory Task ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Memory Encoding ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Stress Induction ◽

Stressful Environment

Objective: In this study, we evaluated whether exercise prior to memory encoding or during memory consolidation can influence episodic memory function after being exposed to a stressful environment. Methods: We conducted 3 between-group randomized controlled experiments among young adults. We assessed episodic memory (via logic memory task) at the beginning of the experiment and approximately 45 minutes later. Across the 3 experiments, we varied the temporal period (eg, before memory encoding or during consolidation) of the acute bout of exercise (15-minute moderate-intensity exercise) and psychological stress induction. Results: Across all 3 experiments there was a statistically significant main effect for time for memory function, but there were no time x group interaction effects. Conclusion: Memory declined across the 2 assessment periods, but for all 3 experiments, exercise was not associated with memory function after being exposed to a stressful stimulus.

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Early postnatal overnutrition impairs VO2max gains with moderate exercise and increase post-exercise muscle damage in adult male rats

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174421000428 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Douglas Lopes Almeida ◽

Gabriel Sergio Fabricio ◽

Laize Peron Tófolo ◽

Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro ◽

Camila Cristina Ianoni Matiusso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Life ◽

Male Rats ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Exercise ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

The Impact ◽

Adaptation To Exercise

Abstract Exercise counteracts obesity effects, but information on how early-life obesity may affect long-term adaptation to exercise is lacking. This study investigates the impact of early-life postnatal overfeeding (PO) on animals’ adaptation to exercise. Only male Wistar rats were used. On postnatal day (PN) 30, rats from control (NL-9 pups) or PO (SL-3 pups) litters were separated into four groups: NL-sedentary (NL-Se), NL-exercised (NL-Ex), SL-sedentary (SL-Se), and SL-exercised (SL-Ex). Exercised groups performed moderate-intensity exercise, running on a treadmill, from PN30 to PN90. Further experiments were carried out between PN90 and PN92. PO promoted obesity in SL versus NL rats (P < 0.05). Exercise reduced body weight (P < 0.001), body fat (P < 0.01), and improved glucose homeostasis in SL-Ex versus SL-Se. SL-Ex presented lower VO2max (P < 0.01) and higher post-exercise LDH (P < 0.05) compared to NL-Ex rats. Although moderate exercise counteracted obesity in SL rats, early-life overnutrition restricts fitness gains in adulthood, indicating that early obesity may impair animals’ adaptation to exercise.

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Comparing the Short and Long-Term Effects of Acute Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Mnemonic Similarity and Emotional Memory Tasks

Acta Neuropsychologica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.6997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 33-61

Author(s):

Cesar Acevedo-Triana ◽

Diana Cordoba-Patiño ◽

Juan Francisco Muñoz ◽

Julian Cifuentes ◽

Victor Melgarejo Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Memory Task ◽

Discrimination Performance ◽

Rest Period ◽

Emotional Memory ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Exercise Condition

Mounting research has linked acute moderate-intensity exercise with changes indiscrimination of similar events – i.e., mnemonic memory. Conversely, few studies have compared performance in tasks associated to each type of memory(mnemonic similarity and emotional) and less have evaluatedperformance several days after exercise sessions. Thirty-five undergraduate students were randomly distributed in three groups that differed in the assigned duration of the moderate-intensity exercise session.Weestablished first the moderate-intensityexercise program by calculating the VO2max 50%. Two-to-five days later, participantsengaged in the exercise condition to which they were assigned, followed by a five-minute rest period. Immediately after, all participantswere exposed to the training phase of both memory tasks. The first retrieval phase was tested 45 minutes afterencoding phase was completed. Subsequent retrieval phases were conducted 24, 48, and 168 hours post-training. Exercise of long duration in creased discrimination performance in images of low similarity. Comparison of the effects of exercise on discrimination of the three types of images that the emotional-memory task entailsshowed improved performance only for aversive and neutral images. Exercise improves discrimination of low similarity images, with better overall performance after a longer exercise session. This finding adds to previous reports that have found analogous effects using other memory tasks.It also supports the notion that acute effects due to exercise are specifically related to hippocampal functionality and its ability to separate patterns. Finally, maintenance of emotional information across time suggest a different mechanism,independent of pattern-separation processing.

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The Effect of Single Bout of Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v3i2.20966 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 484-487

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar Deo ◽

Kopila Agrawal ◽

Prem Bhattrai ◽

Raju Kumar Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Working Memory ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Test Procedure ◽

Step Test ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Single Bout ◽

Back Task

Introduction: Working memory is a kind of short term memory important for reasoning and guiding decision-making and behavioral process.Objective: The goal of the present research was to study the outcome of single bout of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory.Methodology: Twenty two male subjects were asked to perform working memory task by 2n back task in baseline resting, immediately after exercise and after five minute of exercise session. 3 minute step test procedure was used as a moderate intensity exercise intervention.Results: The percentage correctness of 2n back task of working memory was found to be 64.36% for baseline resting condition, 78.01 % for immediately after 3-minute step test and 80.70% for 5 minute after the exercise. In both exercise session (i.e. immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise), significant improvement (p value <0.05) in working memory was seen as compared to the baseline resting session while no such significant beneficial improvement was seen when compared between immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise.Conclusion: Improvement in working memory after moderate exercise intervention was seen, which is important for learning and memory and decision-making. BJHS 2018;3(2)6:484-487.

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The Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Long-Term Emotional Memory

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7120486 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 486 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Breanna Wade ◽

Paul Loprinzi

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Group Interaction ◽

Emotional Memory ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Control Group ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Main Effect ◽

Randomized Controlled Experiment ◽

Memory Recognition

Emerging work suggests that acute, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may help to subserve episodic memory of neutral stimuli. Less investigated, however, is whether acute exercise is associated with enhanced memory recognition of emotional stimuli, which was the purpose of this experiment. A parallel-group randomized controlled experiment was employed. Participants (mean age = 20 yr) were randomized into an exercise (n = 17) or control group (n = 17). The exercise group engaged in a 15-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill walking. Emotional memory recognition was assessed via images from the International Affective Picture System, including assessments of varying degrees of valence and arousal. Memory recognition was assessed at 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days post-memory encoding. We observed a significant main effect for time (F(2) = 104.2, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.77) and a significant main effect for valence–arousal classification (F(4) = 21.39, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.40), but there was no significant time by group interaction (F(2) = 1.09, p = 0.34, η2p = 0.03), classification by group interaction (F(4) = 0.12, p = 0.97, η2p = 0.01), time by classification interaction (F(8) = 1.78, p = 0.08, η2p = 0.05), or time by classification by group interaction (F(8) = 0.78, p = 0.62, η2p = 0.02). In conclusion, emotional memory recognition decreased over the 14-day follow-up period and this rate of memory decay was not altered by acute moderate-intensity exercise engagement. We discuss these findings in the context of exercise intensity and the temporal effects of exercise.

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