scholarly journals A Population-Based Analysis of Pneumococcal Disease Mortality in California, 1989–1998

2005 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Redelings ◽  
Frank Sorvillo ◽  
Paul Simon
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
California Department ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Preventable Mortality

Objectives. Pneumococcal disease is an important cause of vaccine-preventable mortality. It is important to understand the burden and distribution of mortality so that prevention efforts can be targeted appropriately. This study evaluated pneumococcal disease mortality and its demographic correlates in California from 1989 to 1998. Methods. Deaths due to pneumococcal disease were identified from statewide vital records data using multiple cause-coded information. Denominator data were obtained from estimates from the California Department of Finance. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each age, gender, and racial/ethnic group. Results. The age-adjusted pneumococcal disease mortality rate was 2.05 deaths per 100,000 population. Mortality was highest in elderly individuals (reaching 38.29 deaths per 100,000 population in individuals older than age 85). Age-adjusted mortality rates were elevated in the African American race/ethnicity group (2.96 deaths per 100,000 population) and males (2.67 deaths per 100,000 population). The majority of individuals who died of pneumococcal disease (78.9%) fell into at-risk groups indicated for vaccination. The majority of all pneumococcal deaths were caused by pneumococcal pneumonia. Mortality was seasonal, reaching a peak in the winter months. A decreasing trend in mortality was observed over the 10-year period examined. Conclusions. Pneumococcal disease remains a significant cause of vaccine-preventable mortality in the California population. Greater efforts must be made to vaccinate at-risk individuals, especially those in demographic groups at highest risk of death.

scholarly journals Controlling invasive pneumococcal disease: is vaccination of at-risk groups sufficient?

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Fletcher ◽  
D. S. Laufer ◽  
E. D. G. McIntosh ◽  
C. Cimino ◽  
F. J. Malinoski
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Risk Groups

scholarly journals A Nationwide Registry-Based Study on Mortality Due to Rare Congenital Anomalies

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Alonso-Ferreira ◽  
Germán Sánchez-Díaz ◽  
Ana Villaverde-Hueso ◽  
Manuel Posada de la Paz ◽  
Eva Bermejo-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Related Mortality

This study aimed to analyse population-based mortality attributed to rare congenital anomalies (CAs) and assess the associated time trends and geographical differences in Spain. Data on CA-related deaths were sourced from annual mortality databases kept by the National Statistics Institute of Spain (1999–2013). Based on the ICD-10, only CAs corresponding to rare diseases definition were included in this study. Annual age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated and time trends were evaluated by joinpoint regression analysis. Geographical differences were assessed using standardised mortality ratios and cluster detection. A total of 13,660 rare-CA-related deaths (53.4% males) were identified in the study period. Annual age-adjusted mortality rates decreased by an average of −5.2% (−5.5% males, −4.8% females, p < 0.001). Geographical analysis showed a higher risk of rare-CA-related mortality in regions largely located in the south of the country. Despite their limitations, mortality statistics are essential and useful tools for enhancing knowledge of rare disease epidemiology and, by extension, for designing and targeting public health actions. Monitoring rare-CA-related mortality in Spain has shown a 15-year decline and geographical differences in the risk of death, all of which might well be taken into account by the health authorities in order to ensure equality and equity, and to adopt appropriate preventive measures.

Population-Based Assessment of Burn Injury in Southern Iowa: Identification of Children and Young-Adult At-Risk Groups and Behaviors

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Ann Wibbenmeyer ◽  
Margery Josephine Amelon ◽  
James Corydon Torner ◽  
Gerald Patrick Kealey ◽  
Rebecca Marie Loret de Mola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
And Behaviors

scholarly journals Coronavirus Outbreak and Stress in Iranians

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoomeh Maarefvand ◽  
Samaneh Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Ozra Farmani ◽  
Atefeh Safarabadi Farahani ◽  
Jagdish Khubchandani
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Stress Score ◽  
Prevention Methods

Iran has faced one of the worst COVID-19 outbreaks in the world, and no studies to date have examined COVID-19-related stress in the general Iranian population. In this first population-based study, a web-based survey was conducted during the peak of the outbreak to assess stress and its correlates in the Iranian population. A 54-item, valid, and reliable questionnaire, including items on demographic characteristics and past medical history, stress levels, awareness about signs and symptoms of COVID-19, knowledge about at-risk groups and prevention methods, knowledge about transmission methods, trust in sources of information, and availability of facemasks and sanitizers, was deployed via social and mass media networks. A total of 3787 Iranians participated in the study where the majority of the participants were females (67.4%), employed (56.1%), from developed provinces (81.6%), without chronic diseases (66.6%), and with ≥13 years of formal education (87.9%). The mean age of study participants was 34.9 years (range = 12–73), and the average stress score was 3.33 (SD = ±1.02). Stress score was significantly higher for females, those who were 30–39 years old, housewives, those with chronic diseases, individuals who were aware that there is no vaccine to prevent COVID-19, those who could not get facemasks or sanitizers, and individuals with higher knowledge about at-risk groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation of stress scores with knowledge about prevention methods for COVID-19 (r = 0.21, p = 0.01) and trust in sources of information about COVID-19 (r = −0.18, p = 0.01). All of the predictors, except knowledge of two important at-risk groups and education, had a significant effect on stress scores based on a multivariate regression model. The COVID-19 outbreak could increase stress among all population groups, with certain groups at higher risk. In the high-risk groups and based on experience with previous pandemics, interventions are needed to prevent long-term psychological effects. Professional support and family-centered programs should be a part of pandemic mitigation-related policymaking and public health practices.

scholarly journals Ecologic association between influenza and COVID-19 mortality rates in European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Petti ◽  
B. J. Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality ◽  
Disease Mortality

Abstract Ecologic studies investigating COVID-19 mortality determinants, used to make predictions and design public health control measures, generally focused on population-based variable counterparts of individual-based risk factors. Influenza is not causally associated with COVID-19, but shares population-based determinants, such as similar incidence/mortality trends, transmission patterns, efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions, comorbidities and underdiagnosis. We investigated the ecologic association between influenza mortality rates and COVID-19 mortality rates in the European context. We considered the 3-year average influenza (2014–2016) and COVID-19 (31 May 2020) crude mortality rates in 34 countries using EUROSTAT and ECDC databases and performed correlation and regression analyses. The two variables – log transformed, showed significant Spearman's correlation ρ = 0.439 (P = 0.01), and regression coefficients, b = 0.743 (95% confidence interval, 0.272–1.214; R2 = 0.244; P = 0.003), b = 0.472 (95% confidence interval, 0.067–0.878; R2 = 0.549; P = 0.02), unadjusted and adjusted for confounders (population size and cardiovascular disease mortality), respectively. Common significant determinants of both COVID-19 and influenza mortality rates were life expectancy, influenza vaccination in the elderly (direct associations), number of hospital beds per population unit and crude cardiovascular disease mortality rate (inverse associations). This analysis suggests that influenza mortality rates were independently associated with COVID-19 mortality rates in Europe, with implications for public health preparedness, and implies preliminary undetected SARS-CoV-2 spread in Europe.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PILOT PROJECT OF VACCINATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION IN RISK GROUPS IN THE MUNICIPALITIES LEADING ON INDICATORS OF MORTALITY FROM COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
I.I. Kozlova ◽  
E.I. Sisin ◽  
N.A. Ostapenko ◽  
O.A. Ezhova ◽  
N.G. Kashapov
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality

There were established municipalities with the highest mortality rates from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). When etiological deciphering of CAP confirmed the role of S. pneumoniae (Klein) Chester in the development and outcome of this disease. Among the risk contingents were vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, which had an impact on morbidity and mortality from CAP. It is proved that the vaccination of contingent risk against pneumococcal disease reduces the morbidity and mortality from CAP.

scholarly journals The Risk of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Differs between Risk Groups in Norway Following Widespread Use of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1774
Author(s):  
Brita Askeland Winje ◽  
Didrik Frimann Vestrheim ◽  
Richard Aubrey White ◽  
Anneke Steens
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Medical Risk ◽  
Icd 10

The elderly and adults with medical risk conditions remain at high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), highlighting the importance of adequate preventive efforts. In an observational population-based study in Norway (pop ≥ 5 years, 2009–2017) covering six years post-PCV13 implementation, we explored the incidence and risk of IPD associated with age and comorbidities. We obtained the data on 5535 IPD cases from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases and the population data from Statistics Norway. To define comorbidities, we obtained ICD-10 codes from the Norwegian Patient Registry for the cases and the Norwegian population. The average annual decrease in PCV13 IPD incidence was significant in all risk groups and decreased post-PCV13 introduction by 16–20% per risk group, implying a nondifferential indirect protection from the childhood vaccination. The IPD incidence remained high in the medical risk groups. The relative importance of medical risk conditions was 2.8 to 6 times higher in those aged 5–64 versus ≥65 years for all types of IPD, since age itself is a risk factor for IPD. In groups without medical risk, the risk of IPD was eight times higher in those aged ≥65 compared to those 5–64 years (RR 8.3 (95% CI 7.3–9.5)). Our results underscore the need for age- and risk-group-based prevention strategies.

A Risk Classification Model to Predict Mortality Among Laboratory-Confirmed Avian Influenza A H7N9 Patients: A Population-Based Observational Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (11) ◽  
pp. 1780-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Martinez ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Xiaoxiao Wang ◽  
Feng Ling ◽  
Lan Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Bilateral Lung ◽  
Predictive Risk

Abstract Background Avian influenza A H7N9 (A/H7N9) is characterized by rapid progressive pneumonia and respiratory failure. Mortality among laboratory-confirmed cases is above 30%; however, the clinical course of disease is variable and patients at high risk for death are not well characterized. Methods We obtained demographic, clinical, and laboratory information on all A/H7N9 patients in Zhejiang province from China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention electronic databases. Risk factors for death were identified using logistic regression and a risk score was created using regression coefficients from multivariable models. We externally validated this score in an independent cohort from Jiangsu province. Results Among 305 A/H7N9 patients, 115 (37.7%) died. Four independent predictors of death were identified: older age, diabetes, bilateral lung infection, and neutrophil percentage. We constructed a score with 0–13 points. Mortality rates in low- (0–3), medium- (4–6), and high-risk (7–13) groups were 4.6%, 32.1%, and 62.7% (Ptrend < .0001). In a validation cohort of 111 A/H7N9 patients, 61 (55%) died. Mortality rates in low-, medium-, and high-risk groups were 35.5%, 55.8, and 67.4% (Ptrend = .0063). Conclusions We developed and validated a simple-to-use, predictive risk score for clinical use, identifying patients at high mortality risk.

scholarly journals SARS-COV-2: Learning the Lessons from our Experiences, A Critical and Personal Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Ewing
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Fundamental Limitations ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Medical Protocols

The aims and objectives of this paper is to question established scientific thinking and medical protocols surrounding SARS-COV-2, stimulate debate, and consider alternative and more effective ways of screening and treating the severely affected patients which improve therapeutic outcomes and thereby reduce the complexity and cost of treating infected SARS-COV-2 patients.   The paper argues that national quarantine or lockdown strategies among countries (as a preventive approach) exhibit many shortcomings and are based on a set of erroneous assumptions which enables the independently minded to consider alternative diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies e.g. to quarantine only the ‘at-risk’ groups; which could be significant in the future.   It raises for discussion a number of pertinent points e.g. (i) that the virus affects different patient groups in different ways; (ii) that the most severely affected who are at risk of death is currently the vast minority of the population, in particular those who are diabetic, obese and immunosuppressed; (iii) that chasing the virus using ‘test and trace’ methods should be augmented by advanced, remote screening methods to determine those in the most ‘at-risk’ groups who should be quarantined; and (iv) reviews the fundamental limitations of seeking only drug-based solutions instead of considering and focussing upon scientifically sustainable solutions based upon an understanding of the fundamental chemistry of biology.

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