Migration and Socio-Economic Adaptation: A Study of Tibetans in Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, Sikkim

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-401
Author(s):  
Sonam Choden ◽  
Sandhya Thapa ◽  
Yumnam Surjyajeevan
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Economic Adaptation ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Historical References

The post-1959 migration of Tibetans due to Chinese incursion in Tibet impelled them to seek refuge in many countries. Due to socio-cultural, historical and religious ties between Sikkim and Tibetan for centuries and also due to geographical proximity, Sikkim was one of the most desired destinations. Based on the study of Tibetan settlement of Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, the largest monastery of Karma Kagyu Lineage in Sikkim, the article is an attempt to make an exploratory study to enquire the process of migration and socio-economic adaptation faced by the migrant Tibetan communities of Rumtek. By revisiting historical references and comparative evaluation of the field carried out in two phases, the article is a sociological exploration to examine the changes and challenges faced by the community.

scholarly journals Interprofessional Practice in the Emergency Service: specific and shared assignments of nurses

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Ruth Ester Assayag Batista ◽  
Marina Peduzzi
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Emergency Service ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Interprofessional Practice ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Definition Of

ABSTRACT Objective: To map and categorize, according to the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), the specific assignments of the nurses and to identify the assignments shared with doctors and physiotherapists in the Emergency Service. Method: Descriptive exploratory study, carried out in two phases: first, the analysis of dissertations /theses from the database of the Center for Studies and Research of the Brazilian Nursing Association; Second, the use of the Delphi Technique to reach the consensus about which assignments were specific to the nurse and which were shared with physiotherapists and doctors. Results: The results were 45.7% for specific to the nurses, 14.2% for shared with physiotherapists and/or doctors, and in 40% (n=42) there was no consensus about the sharing of assignments. Conclusion: The sharing of actions among professionals shows an increase in the scope of the practice of professions and the constitution of a common sphere of work, but the high number of assignments with no consensus among specialists can be a potential factor in conflicts due to the lack of definition of these assignments.

scholarly journals Desarrollo de dos fórmulas infantiles como alternativa económica y saludable para seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de la población lactante

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Beatriz Estella López-Marín ◽  
Julie Maritza Álvarez-Rivera ◽  
Luz Marina Carvajal de Pabón
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Two Phases

Introducción: Cuando la lactancia materna no es posible, se recurre a otros alimentos que brinden los nutrientes necesarios a los bebés, como las fórmulas infantiles, con características nutricionales que cumplan con la reglamentación actual y permitan un adecuado crecimiento al lactante. Objetivo: Diseñar dos fórmulas líquidas para lactantes que aporten los requerimientos diarios de macronutrientes y algunos micronutrientes (ácido fólico, zinc, calcio y hierro), con leche de vaca, higienizada por pasteurización, de bajo costo para que sea más asequible para la población lactante vulnerable a la vez que contribuye con su crecimiento. Materiales y métodos: Estudio exploratorio desarrollado en dos fases, formulación y elaboración de los productos y verificación de su eficacia en el crecimiento de lactantes. Resultados: Los productos cumplen con los requisitos de fabricación exigidos, de bajo costo y son capaces de sustentar un crecimiento normal, según clasificación de OMS. Conclusión: Las fórmulas desarrolladas tienen un adecuado aporte de macro y micronutrientes con características sensoriales y microbiológicas bajo los criterios exigidos por la reglamentación internacional y nacional, de bajo costos, permitiendo un adecuado crecimiento al lactante. AbstractIntroduction: When breastfeeding is not feasible, other sources to provide the required nutrients to babies are sought, such as infant formulas that comply with current regulation and with the baby’s growth requirements. Objective: To design two liquid infant formulas that provide daily macronutrients and some micronutrients (folic acid, zinc, calcium, and iron) requirements, based on low-cost pasteurized cow milk in order to be more affordable for vulnerable babies and to contribute with their growth. Materials and Methods: Exploratory study developed in two phases: Formulation and preparation of the infant formula and verification of its efficacy in terms of babies’ growth. Results: The infant formulas comply with all manufacturing requirements, are inexpensive, and appropriate to sustain normal growth, according to WHO. Conclusion: The two infant formulas developed have adequate macronutrient and micronutrient contribution with sensorial and microbiological characteristics that comply with local and foreign regulations, are inexpensive, and appropriate to sustain babies’ normal growth. 

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Plaque Inhibitory Effect of a Herbal Extract containing Fluoridated Dentifrice to a Fluoridated Dentifrice: A Clinical and Microbiological Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Vineet Kini ◽  
Mansee Thakur ◽  
Revati Sharma ◽  
Arjumand Farooqui
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Dental Student ◽  
P Value ◽  
Microbiological Study ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Double Blinded

ABSTRACT Aim To clinically and microbiologically evaluate and compare the plaque inhibitory effect of commercially available herbal extract containing fluoridated dentifrice to that of commercially available fluoridated dentifrice in a healthy dental cohort. Materials and methods A single-center, double-blinded, prospective, cohort, crossover study was conducted involving 25 healthy dental student volunteers meeting inclusion criteria. Two commercially available dentifrices: (Dentifrice A: Commercially available fluoridated dentifrice; and Dentifrice B: Commercially available fluoridated dentifrice containing Bromelain, Papain, Neem, and Meswak were selected as the test products. The study was conducted in two phases of 3 weeks duration each and a washout period of 1 week. Participants were assessed at baseline and 3 weeks using Plaque index (PI) and Gingival index (GI). At 3 weeks, a supragingival plaque was collected from the lingual surface of right mandibular first molar and microbial analysis was done. Microbiological counts were expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per sample. Results On intergroup comparison, it was observed that mean reduction in PI for Dentifrice B is significantly more than that of Dentifrice A (p-value: 0.000021). There was no significant difference between the mean reduction in the GI of both Dentifrice A and Dentifrice B (p-value: 0.3040). On intergroup comparison of CFUs obtained after 3 weeks, Dentifrice B showed significantly less viable CFUs than that of Dentifrice A (p-value: 9.42E-08). Conclusion In the current study settings, it was observed that herbal extracts in dentifrices have an additive effect with fluoride in plaque inhibition. How to cite this article Kini V, Farooqui A, Pereira R, Sharma R, Thakur M. Comparative Evaluation of the Plaque Inhibitory Effect of a Herbal Extract containing Fluoridated Dentifrice to a Fluoridated Dentifrice: A Clinical and Microbiological Study. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(1):57-61.

Dynamic Norming for Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Alexander Tucci ◽  
Elena Plante ◽  
John J. Heilmann ◽  
Jon F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Normative Database ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Two Phases

Purpose: This exploratory study sought to establish the psychometric stability of a dynamic norming system using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) databases. Dynamic norming is the process by which clinicians select a subset of the normative database sample matched to their individual client's demographic characteristics. Method: The English Conversation and Student-Selected Story (SSS) Narrative databases from SALT were used to conduct the analyses in two phases. Phase 1 was an exploratory examination of the standard error of measure (SEM) of six clinically relevant transcript metrics at predetermined sampling intervals to determine (a) whether the dynamic norming process resulted in samples with adequate stability and (b) the minimum sample size required for stable results. Phase 2 was confirmatory, as random samples were taken from the SALT databases to simulate clinical comparison samples. These samples were examined (a) for stability of SEM estimations and (b) to confirm the sample size findings from Phase 1. Results: Results of Phase 1 indicated that the SEMs for the six transcript metrics across both databases were low relative to each metric's scale. Samples as small as 40–50 children in the Conversation database and 20–30 children in the SSS Narrative database resulted in stable SEM estimations. Phase 2 confirmed these findings, indicating that age bands as small as ±4 months from a given center-point resulted in stable estimations provided there were approximately 35 children or more in the comparison sample. Conclusion: Psychometrically stable comparison samples can be achieved using SALT's dynamic norming system that are much smaller than the standard sample size recommended in most tests of children's language.

scholarly journals WHAT DRIVES YOUNG WOMEN TO JOIN THE PAKISTAN ARMED FORCES? AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1346-50
Author(s):  
Nazia Mustafa ◽  
Shoaib Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
A Minor

Objective: To explore the motivational factors for women to join Pakistan army.Study Design: Exploratory study design. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Army selection and Recruitment Centre on the female graduates from various universities of Islamabad/Rawalpindi who were coming for induction in army, from March 2018. Methodology: The study was conducted in two phases; in phase I, Semi-structured interviews of 10 lady officers were carried out to gauge the motivational factors to join Army. In phase II, data of 792 female graduates from various universities of Islamabad/Rawalpindi was collected through socio-demographic form and the checklist about motivational factors developed during phase I to join armed forces. Results: Results revealed that maximum individuals (22%) graded “Patriotism” as prime reason to join Army while a minor segment (1%) cited financial incentive as driving factor. Percentages of other factors, in order of precedence are; “Feeling Proud” (18%), “Strong Social Standing” (16%), “Quality of Life” (10%), Charm of Uniform (8%), Bright Career (6%), Job Security (5%), Family Lineage (5%), Adventurous Job (5%) and Marriage (4%). Further to this, there were differences in women’s motivation to join Army from various professions. Conclusion: Motivation for opting military career is a complex phenomenon of inter-related factors. Therefore, we should consider all these factors together to select highly motivated, skilled/qualified and loyal individuals.

scholarly journals From stress due to E-HRM practices towards the stress due to digital communication: conceptual framework of the problematic

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrs. SALMOUN Khaoula ◽  
Pr. CHAFIK Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Staff Satisfaction ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Two Phases

This research was carried out in two phases: the first, the objective of the research was to examine the sources and consequences of stress when using E-HRM. The second: after the exploratory study, the objective of the research deviated towards the analysis of the stress due to digital communication given the requirements of the studied field. In the first phase, we highlighted the effect of stress induced by E-HRM on staff satisfaction and productivity, by proposing a conceptual model that explains this relationship (conceptual model of stress induced by E - HRM), this model is based on the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus 1966) and the 2011 tarafdar model, In order to answer the following research question: How can E- HRM -induced stress affect staff satisfaction and productivity? Subsequently we tried to identify the E-HRM stressors and to ensure the feasibility of the proposed model, through an exploratory study with three “3” companies of the sector (Aeronautics and automotive). Through this study we have moved to the second phase by redirecting the theme to internal digital communication, and reformulating the problematic to be: how the stress induced by digital communication can influence the productivity Staff? The next planning step will be a continuum of the exploratory study to refine the final model, and subsequently the empirical treatment that will examine the hypotheses from the data collected. During this stage, we will start from a theory and hypotheses, towards a quantitative study which will help us to answer our problematic and to confirm or invalidate our hypotheses.

Precipitation of NiHfsi phase in NiAl single crystals containing Hf

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
A. Garg ◽  
R. D. Noebe ◽  
R. Darolia
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Bridgman Technique ◽  
Shell Mold ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Unknown Phase ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Nial Matrix

Small additions of Hf to NiAl produce a significant increase in the high-temperature strength of single crystals. Hf has a very limited solubility in NiAl and in the presence of Si, results in a high density of G-phase (Ni16Hf6Si7) cuboidal precipitates and some G-platelets in a NiAl matrix. These precipitates have a F.C.C structure and nucleate on {100}NiAl planes with almost perfect coherency and a cube-on-cube orientation-relationship (O.R.). However, G-phase is metastable and after prolonged aging at high temperature dissolves at the expense of a more stable Heusler (β'-Ni2AlHf) phase. In addition to these two phases, a third phase was shown to be present in a NiAl-0.3at. % Hf alloy, but was not previously identified (Fig. 4 of ref. 2 ). In this work, we report the morphology, crystal-structure, O.R., and stability of this unknown phase, which were determined using conventional and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Single crystals of NiAl containing 0.5at. % Hf were grown by a Bridgman technique. Chemical analysis indicated that these crystals also contained Si, which was not an intentional alloying addition but was picked up from the shell mold during directional solidification.

Imaging of Al-Li-Cu alloys with a Scanning Ion Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
K.K. Soni ◽  
D.B. Williams ◽  
J.M. Chabala ◽  
R. Levi-Setti ◽  
D.E. Newbury
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Icosahedral Symmetry ◽  
Ion Microprobe ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The University ◽  
Secondary Ion

In contrast to the inability of x-ray microanalysis to detect Li, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) generates a very strong Li+ signal. The latter’s potential was recently exploited by Williams et al. in the study of binary Al-Li alloys. The present study of Al-Li-Cu was done using the high resolution scanning ion microprobe (SIM) at the University of Chicago (UC). The UC SIM employs a 40 keV, ∼70 nm diameter Ga+ probe extracted from a liquid Ga source, which is scanned over areas smaller than 160×160 μm2 using a 512×512 raster. During this experiment, the sample was held at 2 × 10-8 torr.In the Al-Li-Cu system, two phases of major importance are T1 and T2, with nominal compositions of Al2LiCu and Al6Li3Cu respectively. In commercial alloys, T1 develops a plate-like structure with a thickness <∼2 nm and is therefore inaccessible to conventional microanalytical techniques. T2 is the equilibrium phase with apparent icosahedral symmetry and its presence is undesirable in industrial alloys.

Defect structures of Nb1+αS2 sulfidation scales

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Chuxin Zhou ◽  
L. W. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Rhombohedral Structure ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Defect Structures ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Sulfur Layer ◽  
Two Phases

One of the major purposes in the present work is to study the high temperature sulfidation properties of Nb in severe sulfidizing environments. Kinetically, the sulfidation rate of Nb is satisfactorily slow, but the microstructures and non-stoichiometry of Nb1+αS2 challenge conventional oxidation/sulfidation theory and defect models of non-stoichiometric compounds. This challenge reflects our limited knowledge of the dependence of kinetics and atomic migration processes in solid state materials on their defect structures.Figure 1 shows a high resolution image of a platelet from the middle portion of the Nb1+αS2 scale. A thin lamellar heterogeneity (about 5nm) is observed. From X-ray diffraction results, we have shown that Nb1+αS2 scale is principally rhombohedral structure, but 2H-NbS2 can result locally due to stacking faults, because the only difference between these 2H and 3R phases is variation in the stacking sequence along the c axis. Following an ABC notation, we use capital letters A, B and C to represent the sulfur layer, and lower case letters a, b and c to refer to Nb layers. For example, the stacking sequence of 2H phase is AbACbCA, which is a ∼12Å period along the c axis; the stacking sequence of 3R phase is AbABcBCaCA to form an ∼18Å period along the c axis. Intergrowth of these two phases can take place at stacking faults or by a shear in the basal plane normal to the c axis.

Convergent-bceam diffraction studies on lead zirconate titanate Ceramics

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 482-483
Author(s):  
M.L.A. Dass ◽  
T.A. Bielicki ◽  
G. Thomas ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
K. Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Direct Proof ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Subsolidus Phase ◽  
Pzt Ceramics ◽  
Subsolidus Phase Diagram ◽  
Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Cbd Method ◽  
Titanate Ceramics

Lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), ceramics are ferroelectrics formed as solid solutions between ferroelectric PbTiO3 and ant iferroelectric PbZrO3. The subsolidus phase diagram is shown in figure 1. PZT transforms between the Ti-rich tetragonal (T) and the Zr-rich rhombohedral (R) phases at a composition which is nearly independent of temperature. This phenomenon is called morphotropism, and the boundary between the two phases is known as the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties occurring at this composition are believed to.be due to the coexistence of T and R phases, which results in easy poling (i.e. orientation of individual grain polarizations in the direction of an applied electric field). However, there is little direct proof of the coexistence of the two phases at the MPB, possibly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between them. In this investigation a CBD method was found which would successfully differentiate between the phases, and this was applied to confirm the coexistence of the two phases.

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