Physical and Structural Properties of Pad-Dry-Cure, Core-, and Skin-Crosslinked Fabrics

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Venkatesh ◽  
R. J. Berni ◽  
W. F. McSherry ◽  
A. R. Markezich
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Relationship

Core crosslinking has been shown to enhance abrasion resistance; the extent of improvement depends on the method employed to remove the surface resin. To better understand the relationship between types of crosslinking and abrasion resistance and other physical properties, resin-treated fabrics were produced by pad-dry-cure, core crosslinking, and skin crosslinking techniques. At comparable bound-resin levels the core-crosslinked fabrics, especially those produced by treatment with ammonia gas, exhibit higher abrasion resistance and tear and tensile strength, with little sacrifice in crease recovery or tensile recovery, than do the pad-dry-cure and skin-crosslinked fabrics.

The Direct Determination of Oxygen in Rubber. The Adaptation of the Ter Meulen Method to Rubber and Its Application to the Study of Aging

1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. I. Cramer ◽  
I. J. Sjothun ◽  
L. E. Oneacre
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Sulfur Poisoning ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Oxygen Bomb ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The ter Meulen method for the direct determination of oxygen has been adapted, with modifications, to the analysis of raw and vulcanized rubbers. Raney nickel has been found to be quite effective as the reducing catalyst and to be satisfactorily resistant to sulfur poisoning. The method has been applied to the study of the aging of vulcanized rubber in the Geer oven and oxygen bomb. From this study the following conclusions may be drawn: (1) The increase in combined oxygen is greater in the oxygen bomb than in the Geer oven. (2) Deterioration of rubber in the oxygen bomb involves oxidation primarily, whereas that occurring in the Geer oven involves not only oxidation but also thermal decomposition followed by volatilization of oxidation products. (3) The effectiveness of an antioxidant in retarding the absorption of oxygen in oxygen-bomb aging agrees well with its ability to maintain the physical properties of the stock in which it is present. (4) The deterioration in physical properties of a rubber stock in the oxygen bomb during the early stages of aging is a linear function of the increase in combined oxygen. For stocks containing antioxidants and diphenylguanidine as the accelerator, an increase in combined oxygen of approximately 1.2% corresponds to a decrease in tensile strength of 50%. (5) The relationship of increase in combined oxygen to decrease in tensile strength seems to be affected not only by antioxidants, but also by accelerators of vulcanization.

SURFACE TREATMENT OF ANTI-CREASE FINISHED COTTON FABRIC BASED ON SOL–GEL TECHNOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHAOXIA WANG ◽  
LI CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Silica Sol ◽  
Recovery Angle ◽  
Butanetetracarboxylic Acid

The silica sol was applied onto 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) finished cotton fabrics with the attempt to improve the physical properties especially the tensile strength which had a big loss in the previous anti-crease finishing processing. The parameters including the dosage of the coupling agent, the concentration and pH of the sol and the processing methods were studied in detail. Compared to the sample finished with BTCA, 11.8% of the increase in the crease recovery angle and 18.6% of the enhancement in the tensile strength of the cotton fabric also treated with silica sol in the better selected conditions were obtained. The abrasion resistance was also improved.

Polybutadienes of Controlled Cis, Trans and Vinyl Structures

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 614-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Short ◽  
G. Kraus ◽  
R. P. Zelinski ◽  
F. E. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
High Tensile Strength ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract The physical properties of polybutadiene vulcanizates have been measured as a function of polymer microstructure. Although the over-all properties of any one polybutadiene are determined by the relative ratio of cis, trans and vinyl units in the polymer chain, marked changes in physical properties do not occur until a relatively pure configuration is approached or unless the raw polymer displays crystallinity. Thus, polybutadienes containing more than 85 per cent cis, trans or vinyl units are characteristically different from each other and the differences are accentuated as the isomeric forms approach 100 per cent of a given configuration. Polybutadiene of 95 per cent cis configuration displays very low heat generation and high resilience (equaling natural rubber in these properties) and excellent abrasion resistance. trans-Polybutadiene (90 per cent), a crystalline plastic in the raw state, becomes rubbery after vulcanization. Gum vulcanizates possess high tensile strength, and tread stocks display high modulus and tensile strength, high hardness and fair hysteresis properties. Vulcanizates of amorphous 94 per cent vinyl polybutadiene are characterized by fair tensile properties, low hysteresis, and poor low temperature properties. Crystalline syndiotactic polybutadiene, 70 per cent vinly, displays much higher gum and tread tensile strengths than its amorphous counterpart. Amorphous polybutadienes containing less than 70–80 per cent of any one configuration are generally similar in most properties, and resemble emulsion polybutadiene in many respects. The wide range of properties of the various polybutadienes makes them suitable for many applications. cis-Polybutadiene is an excellent tire rubber, which has given as much as 40 per cent greater abrasion resistance than natural rubber in passenger tire tests. Heavy duty 10:00 × 20 truck tires fabricated with a 1:1 blend of cis-polybutadiene and natural rubber in the treads have given slightly better abrasion ratings and lower running temperatures than control tires fabricated entirely from natural rubber. Amorphous 80 per cent cis-polybutadiene has been found to possess exceptionally good low temperature properties, far superior to present arctic-type unsaturated elastomers, trans-Polybutadienes by virtue of their high modulus, high tensile strength, and high hardness could be utilized in the preparation of hard rubber goods, floor tiles, and shoe soles. While none of these polybutadienes is yet available commercially, their unusual properties and potential applicability in many areas should lead to their manufacture in the future.

scholarly journals Impact of PVC mixtures of the Electrical Conduit on the Physical Properties: تأثير خلطات البي في سي لصناعة القنوات الكهربائية على الخواص الفيزيائية

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AbdelHamid M.S. Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soft Point

The use of PVC mixtures in the manufacturing of electrical conduit has been employed for a long time along with other materials. In this study, the impact of changing the ratio of the components of the PVC mixtures on the physical properties of the electrical conduit was investigated. The emphasis was placed on three properties: Density, Tensile Strength and Soft Point. The application of the electrical conduit controls the types of materials and their percentages. Physical properties of the PVC products are the most important factors that help to choose compared with other materials. These properties change with the change of the chemical components of the PVC mixture. The study discussed how to enhance and improve these properties by controlling the proportions of some substances in the PVC mixtures. This article aims to demonstrate the strong relationship between PVC polymer, calcium and stabilizers and the physical properties of the electrical conduit. The focus concentrated on three components in the mixture and three physical properties. Random samples were taken to calculate the average percentages of the components in the mixtures. Various tools and several statistical methods were used such as correlation coefficients and scatter charts to prove the relationship between the ratios of the materials and the respective properties. The correlation coefficients between the PVC polymer, stabilizers, calcium, and the density, tensile strength, vicat soft points were (0.92, 0.83, 0.82) respectively. Decreasing the PVC polymer by (17.1%) has caused an increase in the density of the conduit by (2%). Finally, the physical properties of PVC mixtures could be improved by changing component ratios to reach the optimized mixture for the specific application, taking into account other competitive issues such as the final price of the product, environmental impact, and other issues.

Comparison of Abrasion Resistance with Other Physical Properties

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-406
Author(s):  
F. N. Upham
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
The State ◽  
Abrasion Test ◽  
Tensile Strength Test

Abstract The measure of the curing rate of rubber stocks has, for many years, been based on tensile strength values or factors involving tensile strength. From these data, a number of rubber stocks have been termed flat-curing, but if the rate of cure be related to the resistance to abrasion, the stocks would not be regarded as possessing that property. It appears that the abrasion test is more sensitive to changes in the state of cure than the tensile strength test, and it is therefore suggested that curing rates should be based on abrasion test data.

Metal Halides in Vinylpyridine Rubber (PBR)

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Brucksch
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
Metal Halides ◽  
Hysteresis Properties

Abstract It has been found that PBR is made stronger by the addition of certain metal halides. A kind of cross-linking results, probably by coordination of pyridine nitrogens. This crosslinking can be used as a supplement to that produced by curing with sulfur. The result is improved physical properties in vulcanized products. Gum stocks show higher tensile strength. Filled stocks show higher tensile strength and elongation at 100° C and greater resistance to abrasion and to cut-growth. The system also has the capacity to develop high modulus. Because of this, lesser amounts of filler may be used. The result is a compound which has hysteresis properties like a carcass stock and abrasion resistance like a tread stock. This is an interesting combination of properties, which should fine useful applications.

scholarly journals Impact of PVC mixtures of the Electrical Conduit on the Physical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Abdelhamid Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soft Point

The use of PVC mixtures in the manufacturing of electrical conduit has been employed for a long time along with other materials. In this study, the impact of changing the ratio of the components of the PVC mixtures on the physical properties of the electrical conduit was investigated. The emphasis was placed on three properties: Density, Tensile Strength and Soft Point. The application of the electrical conduit controls the types of materials and their percentages. Physical properties of the PVC products are the most important factors that help to choose compared with other materials. These properties change with the change of the chemical components of the PVC mixture. The study discussed how to enhance and improve these properties by controlling the proportions of some substances in the PVC mixtures. This article aims to demonstrate the strong relationship between PVC polymer, calcium and stabilizers and the physical properties of the electrical conduit. The focus concentrated on three components in the mixture and three physical properties. Random samples were taken to calculate the average percentages of the components in the mixtures. Various tools and several statistical methods were used such as correlation coefficients and scatter charts to prove the relationship between the ratios of the materials and the respective properties. The correlation coefficients between the PVC polymer, stabilizers, calcium, and the density, tensile strength, vicat soft points were (0.92, 0.83, 0.82) respectively. Decreasing the PVC polymer by (17.1%) has caused an increase in the density of the conduit by (2%). Finally, the physical properties of PVC mixtures could be improved by changing component ratios to reach the optimized mixture for the specific application, taking into account other competitive issues such as the final price of the product, environmental impact, and other issues.

Extraction and characterization of palm fibers and their use to produce wool- and polyester-blended nonwovens

2019 ◽  
pp. 152808371987700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Sajid ◽  
Oussama Azmami ◽  
Zakia El ahmadi ◽  
Abbès Benayada ◽  
Said Gmouh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Surface Density ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties

The aim of this work is the production of new nonwovens materials based on wool, polyester and palm fibers ( Washingtonia). The extraction of palm fibers was achieved by the combination of alkaline and bleaching treatments. Chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties of the extracted fibers were first determined. Then, two types of blended nonwovens based on Palm/Wool (P/W) and Palm/Polyester (P/PES) mixtures were produced using the needling technique. The physical and structural properties of produced nonwovens were studied such as surface density, tensile strength, porosity and thermal properties. The results showed that the porosity lies between 83.81% and 86.93% for (P/W) mixtures and between 78.01% and 86.93% for (P/PES) mixtures. The air permeability was found to be between 61.56 m3.m−2.min−1 and 129.01 m3.m−2.min−1 for P/W blend nonwovens and between 22.75 m3.m−2.min−1 and 129.01 m3.m−2.min−1 for P/PES blend ones. The thermal conductivity varies between 36.45 mW/m.K and 43.88 mW/m.K for P/W nonwovens and between 36.45 mW/m.K and 47.70 mW/m.K for P/PES nonwovens. Moreover, the tensile strength of blended nonwovens is found to be higher than that of non-blended ones.

Blends of Elastomers and Thermoplastics—A Review

1976 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Environmental Stress Cracking ◽  
Thermoplastic Blends

Abstract In blends of elastomers and thermoplastics one component may be regarded as reinforcing the other. Examples are enhancement of tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and modulus of elastomers by thermoplastics and improvement of impact resistance and environmental stress-cracking resistance of thermoplastics by elastomers. Certain elastomer-thermoplastic blends are rapidly growing in importance as thermoplastic rubbers because they combine the processing characteristics of plastics with physical properties similar to those of vulcanized elastomers.

scholarly journals Effects of phosphogypsum whiskers modification with calcium stearate and their impacts on properties of bleached softwood paper sheets

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 567-578
Author(s):  
HAITANG LIU ◽  
XIN JIN ◽  
LIN CHEN ◽  
XIAOCHEN CHANG ◽  
JIE LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Calcium Stearate ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Reaction Concentration

By combining the structural properties and characteristics of phosphogypsum whiskers, a preliminary study on the modification of phosphogypsum whiskers and their application in papermaking was carried out. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and reaction concentration on the solubility and retention of modified phosphogypsum whiskers and the effects of phosphogypsum whiskers on the physical properties of paper under different modified conditions were explored. The research results show that, after the phosphogypsum whiskers are modified with calcium stearate, a coating layer will be formed on the surface of the whiskers, which effectively reduces the solubility of the phosphogypsum whiskers. The best modification conditions are: the amount of calcium stearate relative to the absolute dry mass of the phosphogypsum whisker is 2.00%; the modification time is 30 min, and the modification temperature is 60°C. The use of modified phosphogypsum whiskers for paper filling will slightly reduce the whiteness, folding resistance, burst resistance, and tensile strength of the paper, but the tearing degree and retention of the filler will be increased to some extent.

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