Upward or downward comparison? Migrants’ socioeconomic status and subjective wellbeing in Chinese cities

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802095478
Author(s):  
Yuqi Liu ◽  
Ye Liu ◽  
Yanliu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Objective Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Destination City

Understanding the mechanism by which internal migrants evaluate their quality of life is essential for understanding the social integration of migrants into Chinese cities. A few studies have examined the linkages between internal migrants’ objective socioeconomic status and subjective wellbeing in the Chinese context, but they assume that migrants compare themselves with either their sending communities or receiving cities when evaluating their working and living conditions. This paper examines the effect of internal migrants’ objective socioeconomic status on subjective wellbeing in Chinese cities, with a particular focus on the mediating role of perceived living standards relative to multiple reference groups and the differences between first- and second-generation migrants. Multi-level structural equation models are used to analyse data from the 2014 China Labour-force Dynamic Survey. Results from baseline regressions indicate that migrants’ family income is positively associated with their subjective wellbeing in both a direct and an indirect manner, while homeownership in the host city is only related to it in an indirect way. The relationship between family income, homeownership in the host city and subjective wellbeing is significantly mediated by perceived living standards relative to the reference groups of schoolmates, neighbours and local urban residents in the destination city. Results from the comparison between two generations of migrants indicate that only family income is positively associated with the subjective wellbeing of first-generation migrants. By contrast, for second-generation migrants, homeownership in the destination city is indirectly related to subjective wellbeing through perceived living standards relative to local urban residents.

scholarly journals The Role of Parent Educational Attainment in Parenting and Children’s Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Davis-Kean ◽  
Lauren A. Tighe ◽  
Nicholas E. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Powerful Predictor

Socioeconomic status (SES)—indexed via parent educational attainment, parent occupation, and family income—is a powerful predictor of children’s developmental outcomes. Variations in these resources predict large academic disparities among children from different socioeconomic backgrounds that persist over the years of schooling, perpetuating educational inequalities across generations. In this article, we provide an overview of a model that has guided our approach to studying these influences, focusing particularly on parent educational attainment. Parents’ educational attainment typically drives their occupations and income and is often used interchangeably with SES in research. We posit that parent educational attainment provides a foundation that supports children’s academic success indirectly through parents’ beliefs about and expectations for their children, as well as through the cognitive stimulation that parents provide in and outside of the home environment. We then expand this model to consider the intergenerational contributions and dynamic transactions within families that are important considerations for informing potential avenues for intervention.

scholarly journals Does physiological distribution of blood parameters in children depend on socioeconomic status? Results of a German cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e019143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Rieger ◽  
Mandy Vogel ◽  
Christoph Engel ◽  
Uta Ceglarek ◽  
Kristian Harms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Z Scores

ObjectivesIn the present study, we examined the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and the physiological distribution of iron-related blood parameters.DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal population-based cohort study.SettingBased on a sample of healthy participants from a German research centre, various blood parameters and values of clinical examinations and questionnaires were collected.ParticipantsA total of 1206 healthy volunteers aged 2.5 to 19 years, one child per family randomly selected, were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAssociations between the SES of children by Winkler-Stolzenberg Index (WSI) and its dimensions (income, education, occupation) and iron-related blood parameters (haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin) were analysed by linear regression analyses. Gender and pubertal stage were included as covariables. Additionally, associations between SES of children by WSI and physical activity (side-to-side jumps, push-ups) as well as body mass index (BMI) were analysed by linear regression analyses.ResultsChildren with high WSI or family income showed significantly increased z-scores for haemoglobin (P=0.046; P<0.001). Children with increased WSI or family income showed significantly lower z-scores for transferrin (P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between haemoglobin and gender (P<0.001) and between transferrin and pubertal stage (P=0.024). Furthermore, physical activity was positively correlated and BMI was negatively correlated with WSI (P<0.001).DiscussionOur data show an association between SES and the distribution of iron-dependent parameters. Lower SES is correlated with lower values for haemoglobin and higher values for transferrin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that physical activity and BMI are associated with SES. Whereas higher SES is correlated with higher values for physical activity and lower BMI. Our parameters are standardised as z-scores with the advantages that the results are comparable across different age groups and present physiological courses.Trial registration numberNCT02550236; Results.

scholarly journals Social Determinants of Delayed Gratification Among American Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Delayed Gratification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
American Children

Background: A wide array of Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators show differential effects for the members of diverse social groups. Researchers know a little about the ethnic variation and the effects of family income on delay discounting which is the predictor of risk behaviors. Objectives: This study examined the effect of family income and its differences on delayed gratification between Latino and non-Latino children. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, data came from wave one of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 3903 non-Latino or Latino Black or White American children who are between 9 and 10 years old. The predictor was family income. Data were collected from 21 sites in the US, in 2018. The outcome was the children’s delay discounting. We measured delay discounting, which reflected individuals’ tendency to assign less value to remote outcomes and rewards (inversely correlated with delayed gratification). Data analysis was done by linear regression in SPSS V. 22. Results: According to our pooled sample regression, higher family income was associated with lower children delay discounting (Beta=-0.05, P=0.021). We found a significant interaction between family income and ethnicity, suggesting that the association between family income and delay discounting is stronger for Latino compared with non-Latino children (Beta=-0.09, P=0.043). Conclusion: Not all ethnic disparities are due to socioeconomic status gaps. Across diverse social groups, differential returns of socioeconomic status indicators, such as family income, also contribute to ethnic disparities in health.

scholarly journals Race, Adolescent Socioeconomic Status, and Lifetime Non-Medical Use of Prescription Painkillers: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12289
Author(s):  
Amy Ehntholt ◽  
Roman Pabayo ◽  
Lisa Berkman ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The misuse of prescription painkillers is a major contributor to the ongoing drug overdose epidemic. This study investigated variability in non-medical use of prescription painkillers (NMUPP) by race and early-life socioeconomic status (SES) in a sample now at increased risk for opioid overdose. Data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,602) were used to calculate prevalence of reported NMUPP by Wave 4 (2008; mean age 28), and to assess variation by race and by equivalized household family income at Wave 1 (1994/5). Predicted values for prevalence of NMUPP were modelled, adjusting for age, sex, parental education, and region. Race and SES in adolescence were associated with later reported NMUPP. A gradient was seen in prevalence by SES (adjusted: family income quartile 1 = 13.3%; quartile 2 = 13.8%; quartile 3 = 14.8%; quartile 4 = 16.0%; trend p-value = 0.007). Prevalence was higher among males. Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence were seen (non-Hispanic white (NHW) = 18.5%; non-Hispanic black (NHB) = 5.8%; Hispanic = 10.5%; Other = 10.0%). SES differences were less pronounced upon stratification, with trend tests significant only among females (p = 0.004), and marginally significant among Hispanic males (p = 0.06). Early-life SES was associated with reported lifetime NMUPP: the higher the family income in adolescence, the greater the likelihood of NMUPP by young adulthood. Variations in NMUPP by income paled in comparison with racial/ethnic differences. Results point to a possible long-enduring association between SES and NMUPP, and a need to examine underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Impacts of spatial mismatch on commuting time of urban residents in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danwen Bao ◽  
Tangyi Guo ◽  
Hongshan Xia
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Job Accessibility ◽  
Nanjing City ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
Job Opportunity

In much of studies on spatial mismatch between residential and employer locations, job accessibility has been measured. However, the apparent disadvantages of the traditional measurement methods on the studies of Chinese cities have been noted.  This paper proposed an optimized method for job accessibility measurement by introducing the weigh coefficient of job opportunity, which quantifies the degree of uneven distribution of job opportunity in the Chinese cities. Take Nanjing city for example, this new method was used to measure the spatial distribution of job opportunity, investigate the spatial patterns and analyze the influences of job accessibility on commuting behavior. The results show that the distribution of job accessibility in Nanjing exhibits the different spatial patterns and mechanisms compared with US cases.

scholarly journals SME: Apparently Small But of Great Derivative Value! Literature Review of Tourism SMEs to Create Employment and Access to Finance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Gazmend Nure ◽  
Evelina Bazini ◽  
Filloreta Madani
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Employee Productivity ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
The Core ◽  
Tourism Sector

Contributions from various tourism SMEs to improve socio-economic development in developed countries include employment creation, improved living standards and increased family income. Despite this, you have great deals on the direct link between job creation, but there is also some controversy over who creates jobs and how they do it. Various documents say that Tourism SMEs play an important role in training young people, covering the labour deficit and generating benefits to the efficiency of the economy, innovation and overall growth. Therefore, this study will help us build the evidence needed to create Tourism SME policies and understand the core operational values of SMEs that maximize results in terms of achieving basic objectives such as job creation, increasing employee productivity and what are the financial challenges facing tourism SMEs. Policy initiatives to encourage the financial sector to be more proactive in securing tourism financing SMEs can also be envisaged, including taking steps to improve the knowledge and understanding of the tourism sector.

scholarly journals Family Income and Gang Presence in the Neighborhood: Diminished Returns of Black Families

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Ron Mincy
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
White Families ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Background: Based on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status, such as higher family income, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than White families. As a result of these MDRs, Black families who access education and income still report high levels of depression, smoking, obesity, and chronic disease. Limited knowledge exists on MDRs of income on neighborhood quality. Aims: Built on the MDRs framework, this study tested the hypothesis of whether the effect of family income and maternal education at birth on neighborhood gang presence varies between Black and White families. The hypotheses were that: (1) higher income families would report lower gang presence in their neighborhood, and (2) compared to Whites, Blacks would show weaker protective effects of family income on gang presence in their neighborhood. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a 15-year follow up study of a random sample of births in cities with larger than 200,000 population. Two thousand nine hundred and nineteen White or Black families were included and were followed from birth of their child for 15 years. The predictors were family income and maternal education at birth, treated as categorical variables. The outcome was gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher maternal education at birth was inversely associated with gang presence in the neighborhoods, while family income at birth did not show an effect on reducing gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Family income at birth and race interact, suggesting that the association between family income at birth and gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 was weaker for Black than White families. Our race-stratified models also showed an inverse effect of family income at birth on gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 in White but not Black families. Conclusions: Diminished returns of family income at birth on neighborhood safety and social disorder may be a mechanism that contributes to racial health disparities in higher socioeconomic status and also poor outcomes for Black families across socioeconomic status (SES) levels. That is, a smaller protective effect of family income on changing the real lives of Black compared to White families may be one of the mechanisms by which health is worse than expected in Black families, across the entire SES spectrum. The health, behavioral, and developmental disparities are not only due to the racial gap in SES but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as family income for racial minorities. Research should study contextual and structural factors that reduce Black families’ ability to mobilize their human capital and secure health outcomes in urban settings.

Evaluation of a Community Development Program in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-730
Author(s):  
Ijin Hong ◽  
Kyung-hoo Roh
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Propensity Score Analysis ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
The Impact

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of a community development program meant to improve living standards of poor rural families through income generating activities (IGAs) based on conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in Doti, Nepal. Method: We use cross-sectional field data from a sample of 392 families representative of the village development committees of Pokhari, Ladagada, and Gajari. After running a propensity score analysis to increase comparability between the treatment and comparison groups, we compare mean scores on a series of chosen outcome variables via t-test analyses. Results: Results suggest that, although improvements in family income and living standards are felt subjectively, crop production might have worsened as a result of IGAs, suggesting the possibility of a trade-off and of long-term effects. Discussion and Implications: This article has implications for research and practice in community development programs and data collection and evaluation of such programs.

scholarly journals Trends and Disparities in Self-Reported and Measured Osteoporosis among US Adults, 2007–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wu ◽  
Yingke Xu ◽  
Ge Lin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
National Health ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Nutritional Examination Survey

(1) Background: Studies examining osteoporosis trends among US adults by different socioeconomic status (SES) are limited. The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis in the US is rarely reported. (2) Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007–2008 and 2013–2014 cycles were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported and that of measured osteoporosis were calculated overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment, and SES. (3) Results: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in all three survey cycles for women, and in 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 for men. Participants with high school/GED or higher educational attainment had an increased prevalence of measured osteoporosis during the study period. Among all SES groups, participants with low family income (PIR < 1.3) had the highest prevalence of measured osteoporosis, and the prevalence increased from 49.3 per 1000 population to 71.8 per 1000 population during the study period. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in US adults between 2007 and 2014. The age-adjusted prevalence of measured osteoporosis increased in participants with the educational attainment of high school/GED or above, and individuals with low family income.

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