scholarly journals Item Location, the Interviewer–Respondent Interaction, and Responses to Battery Questions in Telephone Surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Olson ◽  
Jolene D. Smyth ◽  
Beth Cochran
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Interviewer Behaviors ◽  
Item Location

Survey researchers often ask a series of attitudinal questions with a common question stem and response options, known as battery questions. Interviewers have substantial latitude in deciding how to administer these items, including whether to reread the common question stem on items after the first one or to probe respondents’ answers. Despite the ubiquity of use of these items, there is virtually no research on whether respondent and interviewer behaviors on battery questions differ over items in a battery or whether interview behaviors are associated with answers to these questions. This article uses a nationally representative telephone survey with audio-recorded interviews and randomized placement of items within four different batteries to examine interviewer and respondent behaviors and respondent answers in battery questions. Using cross-classified random-effects models, the authors find strong evidence that there is more interviewer–respondent interaction on items asked earlier in the battery. In addition, interviewer and respondent behaviors are associated with both substantive and nonsubstantive answers provided to battery items, especially if the interviewer decided to reread or probe with the response options. These results suggest that survey designers should follow recommendations to randomize battery items and consider the importance of standardization of question administration when designing battery questions.

scholarly journals How Well Do Interviewers Record Responses to Numeric, Interviewer Field-code, and Open-ended Narrative Questions in Telephone Surveys?

Field Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Jolene D. Smyth ◽  
Kristen Olson
Keyword(s):  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Random Digit Dial ◽  
Interviewer Training ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Accuracy Rates ◽  
Numeric Response ◽  
Interviewer Behaviors

Telephone survey interviewers need to be able to accurately record answers to questions. While straightforward for closed questions, this task can be complicated for open questions. We examine interviewer recording accuracy rates from a national landline random digit dial telephone survey. We find that accuracy rates are over 90% for numeric response and interviewer-code, single-response items but are astonishingly low (49%) for a multiple-answer, nominal, interviewer-code item. Accuracy rates for narrative open questions were around 90% for themes but only about 70% for themes and elaborations. Interviewer behaviors (e.g., probing, feedback) are generally associated with lower accuracy rates. Implications for questionnaire design, interviewer training, and coding procedures are discussed.

scholarly journals Change in the Relationship Between Drinking Alcohol and Risk of Violence Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-447
Author(s):  
Roland M Jones ◽  
Marianne Van Den Bree ◽  
Stanley Zammit ◽  
Pamela J Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Aims To quantify the relationship between alcohol and violence with increasing age. Methods Data were from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ADD Health) of 20,386 people representative of the US population. Mean age at the first wave of interviews was 16.2 years, with subsequent interviews mean of 1, 6.3 and 12.9 years later. We used random-effects models and predictive marginal effects of the association between varying quantities of alcohol consumption and violence while controlling for possible confounders. Results Violence was reported by 19.1% of participants at wave I but just 2.1% at wave IV. The random-effects model showed that consuming 1–4 drinks on each occasion was associated with a modest increase in risk of violence in both males (odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.13–1.63) and females (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.72). For consumption of five or more drinks on each occasion, the risk remained similar for females (OR 1.40 (0.99–1.97)) but increased considerably for males (OR 2.41 (1.96–2.95)). Predictive marginal effects models confirmed that violence rates decreased with age. Conclusions Alcohol is most strongly linked to violence among adolescents, so programmes for primary prevention of alcohol-related violence are best targeted towards this age group, particularly males who engage in heavy episodic drinking.

1981 Milk Feeding Patterns in the United States During the First 12 Months of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Martinez ◽  
David A. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Milk Feeding

From 1955 to 1981, questionnaires were mailed to a nationally representative sample of mothers to determine the use of various milks for feeding infants during the first 6 months of life. Data from these surveys demonstrated the resurgence of breast-feeding both in incidence and duration, and this increase has occurred across all levels of income and education. Statistical analysis indicated that the trends were significant (P < .01) for all demographic categories surveyed. In 1981, as in 1980, a bimonthly telephone survey of mothers of infants 8, 10, and 12 months of age determined milk use during later infancy. A combination of data from the mail and telephone surveys for 1981 provided information on milk feeding patterns and demographic characteristics for the first 12 months of life. Maternal employment was shown to reduce the incidence and duration of breast-feeding.

Milk Feeding Patterns in the United States During the First 12 Months of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-868
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Martinez ◽  
David A. Dodd ◽  
Jo Ann Samartgedes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Milk Feeding

From 1955 to 1980, mail questionnaires were administered to a nationally representative sample of mothers to determine the use of various milks for feeding infants during the first 6 months of life. Data from these surveys have demonstrated the resurgence of breast-feeding both in incidence and duration, and this increase has occurred across all income and educational levels. Statistical analysis indicated that the trends were significant (P < .01) for all demographic categories surveyed. In January 1980, a bi-monthly telephone survey of mothers of infants 8, 10, and 12 months of age was initiated to determine milk use during later infancy. A combination of data from the mail and telephone surveys for 1980 provided information on milk feeding patterns for the first 12 months of life.

Positional Estimation Within a Latent Space Model for Networks

Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Shortreed ◽  
Mark S. Handcock ◽  
Peter Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
Latent Space Model ◽  
Modeling Data

Recent advances in latent space and related random effects models hold much promise for representing network data. The inherent dependency between ties in a network makes modeling data of this type difficult. In this article we consider a recently developed latent space model that is particularly appropriate for the visualization of networks. We suggest a new estimator of the latent positions and perform two network analyses, comparing four alternative estimators. We demonstrate a method of checking the validity of the positional estimates. These estimators are implemented via a package in the freeware statistical language R. The package allows researchers to efficiently fit the latent space model to data and to visualize the results.

scholarly journals Dyslipidaemia and mortality in COVID-19 patients - a meta-analysis

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Zuin ◽  
Gianluca Rigatelli ◽  
Claudio Bilato ◽  
Carlo Cervellati ◽  
Giovanni Zuliani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Statistical Heterogeneity ◽  
Trim And Fill

Abstract Objective The prevalence and prognostic implications of pre-existing dyslipidaemia in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing dyslipidaemia. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in abstracting data and assessing validity. We searched MEDLINE and Scopus to locate all the articles published up to January 31, 2021, reporting data on dyslipidaemia among COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidaemia was calculated using a random effects model and presenting the related 95% confidence interval (CI), while the mortality risk was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects models with odds ratio (OR) and related 95% CI. Statistical heterogeneity was measured using the Higgins I2 statistic. Results Eighteen studies, enrolling 74.132 COVID-19 patients [mean age 70.6 years], met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 17.5% of cases (95% CI: 12.3-24.3%, p < 0.0001), with high heterogeneity (I2=98.7%). Pre-existing dyslipidaemia was significantly associated with higher risk of short-term death (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.19-2.41, p = 0.003), with high heterogeneity (I2=88.7%). Due to publication bias, according to the Trim-and-Fill method, the corrected random-effect ORs resulted 1.61, 95% CI 1.13-2.28, p < 0.0001 (one studies trimmed). Conclusions Dyslipidaemia represents a major comorbidity in about 18% of COVID-19 patients but it is associated with a 60% increase of short-term mortality risk.

scholarly journals Longitudinal relationship of diabetes and depressive symptoms in older adults from Mexico: a secondary data analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001789
Author(s):  
Teresa Alvarez-Cisneros ◽  
Paloma Roa-Rojas ◽  
Carmen Garcia-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Relationship Of

IntroductionSeveral studies have argued a causal relationship between diabetes and depression, while others have highlighted that their association is a result of common risk factors. Because Mexico is a country with a high prevalence of diabetes, and diabetes and depression are a frequent comorbidity, we chose this country to investigate the longitudinal relationship of these two conditions, focusing on the influence of demographic, health, and socioeconomic factors which could act as common risk factors for both conditions.Research design and methodsUsing the harmonized Mexican Health and Aging Study, a nationally representative sample of adults older than 50 with a response rate of 93%, we analyzed the longitudinal relationship of diabetes and depressive symptoms using ‘between-within’ random-effects models, focusing on the effect of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors.ResultsWhile older adults with diabetes reported a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in the four waves of the study, there was no causal longitudinal association between them once controlling for demographic, socioeconomic and health factors (between-effect OR=0.88, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.01; within-effect OR=0.87, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.11).ConclusionsThere is no causal longitudinal association between diabetes and depression; the higher prevalence of depression among older adults with diabetes seems a result of socioeconomic and health factors that are not exclusive to respondents with diabetes but are more frequent in this group. Our results highlight the importance of prevention and control of chronic conditions as well as the role of socioeconomic inequalities in mental health.

scholarly journals Association of bisphenol A with puberty timing: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Meng ◽  
Yunping Zhou ◽  
Yunxia Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Study Heterogeneity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

AbstractObjectivesThe results of existing studies on bisphenol A (BPA) and puberty timing did not reach a consensus. Thereby we performed this meta-analytic study to explore the association between BPA exposure in urine and puberty timing.MethodsMeta-analysis of the pooled odds ratios (OR), prevalence ratios (PR) or hazards ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and estimated using fixed-effects or random-effects models based on between-study heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 10 studies involving 5621 subjects were finally included. The meta-analysis showed that BPA exposure was weakly associated with thelarche (PR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99), while no association was found between BPA exposure and menarche (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.89–1.12; OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.73–1.43), and pubarche (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.79–1.26; PR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.95–1.05).ConclusionsThere was no strong correlation between BPA exposure and puberty timing. Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to verify the relationship between BPA and puberty timing.

EXPRESS: A meta-analysis of aspirin and subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with intracranial aneurysms yields different results to the general population

2021 ◽  
pp. 174749302110048
Author(s):  
Frederick Ewbank ◽  
Jacqueline Birks ◽  
Diederik Bulters
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Abstract Background Some studies have shown a protective association between aspirin use and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Other studies have found no relationship or the reverse. These studies differ in their study populations and definitions of SAH. Aims Our aim was to establish 1) if there is an association between aspirin and SAH, 2) how this differs between the general population and those with intracranial aneurysms. Summary of review Studies reporting aspirin use and the occurrence of SAH were included and grouped based on population (general population vs aneurysm population). Odds ratios, hazard ratios and confidence intervals were combined in random-effects models. 11 studies were included. Overall, there was an association between aspirin and SAH (OR 0.68 [0.48, 0.96]). However, populations were diverse and heterogeneity between studies high (p<0.00001), questioning the validity of combining these studies and justifying analysis by population. In the general population there was no difference in aspirin use between individuals with and without SAH (OR 1.15 [0.96, 1.38]). In patients with intracranial aneurysms, aspirin use was greater in patients without SAH (OR 0.37 [0.24, 0.58]), although these studies were at higher risk of bias. Conclusions There is an association between aspirin use and SAH in patients with intracranial aneurysms. This apparent protective relationship is not seen in the general population. Prospective randomised studies are required to further investigate the effect of aspirin on unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

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