1981 Milk Feeding Patterns in the United States During the First 12 Months of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Martinez ◽  
David A. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Milk Feeding

From 1955 to 1981, questionnaires were mailed to a nationally representative sample of mothers to determine the use of various milks for feeding infants during the first 6 months of life. Data from these surveys demonstrated the resurgence of breast-feeding both in incidence and duration, and this increase has occurred across all levels of income and education. Statistical analysis indicated that the trends were significant (P < .01) for all demographic categories surveyed. In 1981, as in 1980, a bimonthly telephone survey of mothers of infants 8, 10, and 12 months of age determined milk use during later infancy. A combination of data from the mail and telephone surveys for 1981 provided information on milk feeding patterns and demographic characteristics for the first 12 months of life. Maternal employment was shown to reduce the incidence and duration of breast-feeding.

Milk Feeding Patterns in the United States During the First 12 Months of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-868
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Martinez ◽  
David A. Dodd ◽  
Jo Ann Samartgedes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Milk Feeding

From 1955 to 1980, mail questionnaires were administered to a nationally representative sample of mothers to determine the use of various milks for feeding infants during the first 6 months of life. Data from these surveys have demonstrated the resurgence of breast-feeding both in incidence and duration, and this increase has occurred across all income and educational levels. Statistical analysis indicated that the trends were significant (P < .01) for all demographic categories surveyed. In January 1980, a bi-monthly telephone survey of mothers of infants 8, 10, and 12 months of age was initiated to determine milk use during later infancy. A combination of data from the mail and telephone surveys for 1980 provided information on milk feeding patterns for the first 12 months of life.

1984 Milk-Feeding Patterns in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1004-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Martinez ◽  
Fritz W. Krieger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Milk Feeding

This paper presents results of surveys conducted continuously during a period of years to assess the trend in the incidence of breast-feeding. From 1955 to 1984, questionnaires were mailed to a large nationally representative sample of mothers to determine the use of various milks for feeding infants during the first 6 months of life. Data from these surveys demonstrated the resurgence of breast-feeding both in incidence and duration through 1982. From 1982 through 1984, these increases continued but at a markedly reduced level.

Executive Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Domestic Although the rate of breast-feeding is increasing in the United States, it appears that the rate of increase has been much slower among less well educated and economically disadvantaged women. Relatively little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that affect the decisions to breast-feed or to stop if already breast-feeding. Breast-feeding does appear to decrease an infant's risk of gastrointestinal infection and otitis media. The effect of method of infant feeding on risk of other infections and allergic illness is less certain. International The rate of breast-feeding in developing countries appears to have declined, especially among urban women. Although some sociodemographic correlates of infant-feeding choice have been examined, little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that influence choice and duration of infant-feeding practices. Milk insufficiency, maternal employment, and pregnancy frequently are given as reasons for terminating breast-feeding. Rates of gastrointestinal illness are lower among breast-fed infants and when such illness is an important cause of death, infant mortality from this cause appears to be reduced. A randomized clinical trial carried out among high-risk infants found a significantly lower rate of infections among those given breast milk than those fed with infant formula. The evidence of the effect of breast-feeding on respiratory tract and other infections from other studies was less clear. Direct comparison of the growth of predominately breast-fed v artificially fed infants in the same populations from developing countries generally show faster growth for the breast-fed infants for the first 6 months of life. After 6 months, severe growth faltering occurs regardless of the method of feeding. In communities where the nutritional adequacy of supplementary foods is poor, breast milk is an extremely important, high-quality food during the second half of infancy and beyond.

Redirected Inbound Call Sampling (RICS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-411
Author(s):  
Burton Levine ◽  
Karol Krotki ◽  
Paul J Lavrakas
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Interactive Voice Response ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dual Frame ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Voice Response

Abstract Redirected Inbound Call Sampling (RICS) is an emerging, nonprobability sampling methodology in which calls to nonworking numbers from callers throughout the United States are redirected to a telephone survey recruitment protocol and data collection system. The use of automated, interactive voice response technologies to recruit, screen, and collect data achieves significant cost savings and greatly reduces the time of fielding a survey compared with traditional dual-frame random-digit dialing (DFRDD) surveys that use interviewers for recruitment and data collection. The implementation of RICS that we fielded resulted in respondents who match some demographics of the population about as well as DFRDD telephone surveys. However, we demonstrate some non-ignorable challenges with measurement error in certain types of questions that arise from primacy effects associated with using an interactive voice response system for data collection. We present the results of a RICS study that was designed to better understand the reliability and validity of the data these surveys generate. The investigation presented in this manuscript is a first step to evaluating if RICS can be a fit-for-purpose solution for some survey needs. Our data suggest there is sufficient promise in the RICS methodology to warrant continued development and refinement.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and Inequity in the United States: Results from a nationally representative survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Gibson ◽  
Smisha Agarwal ◽  
Ankita Meghani ◽  
Rupali J. Limaye ◽  
Alain Labrique
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractBackgroundAt the time of this survey, September 1st, there were roughly 6 million COVID-19 cases and 176,771 deaths in the United States and no federally approved vaccine. The objective of this study was to explore the willingness to accept a COVID-19 vaccine in the United States and describe variability in this acceptability by key racial, ethnic and socio-demographic characteristics.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional digital survey that sampled participants from a nationally-representative panel maintained by a third party, Dynata. Dynata randomly sampled their database and emailed web-based surveys to United States residents ensuring the sample was matched to US Census estimates for age, race, gender, income, and Census region. Participants were asked how willing or unwilling they would be to: 1) receive a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as it was made publicly available, and 2) receive the influenza vaccine for the upcoming influenza season. Participants could respond with extremely willing, willing, unwilling, or extremely unwilling. For those who reported being unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, reasons for this hesitancy were captured. All participants were asked about where they obtain vaccine-related information, and which sources they trust most. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to examine the association of all demographic characteristics with willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine.FindingsFrom September 1st to September 7, 2020, 1592 respondents completed the online survey. Overall, weighted analyses found that only 58.9% of the sample population were either willing or extremely willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as it was made publicly available. In comparison, 67.7% of the respondents were willing or extremely willing to take the influenza vaccine. By gender, 66.1% of males and 51.5% of females were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Males were significantly more willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.98, 95% CI: 1.56, 2.53; p<0.001) than females. Blacks were the least willing racial/ethnic group (48.8%) Blacks, (aOR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.43, 0.80; p<0.001) were significantly less willing, than whites, to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. There were numerous reasons provided for being unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. The most common reason was concern about the vaccine’s safety (36.9%), followed by concerns over its efficacy (19.1%).InterpretationIn conclusion, we found that a substantial proportion (41%) of United States residents are unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as one is made publicly available. We found that vaccine acceptance differs by sub-populations. In addition to sub-group differences in willingness to receive the vaccine, respondents provided a variety of reasons for being unwilling to receive the vaccine, driven by various sources of vaccine information (and misinformation). This compounds the challenge of delivering a safe and efficacious COVID-19 vaccine at a population level to achieve herd immunity. A multi-pronged and targeted communications and outreach effort is likely needed to achieve a high level of immunization coverage.

The Demographics of Meditation in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Hackett
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
National Data ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Religious Landscape ◽  
Do So ◽  
Cross National

This chapter describes which U.S. groups report meditating frequently. While there is little cross-national data available to analyze demographic characteristics associated with meditation, Pew Research Center’s nationally representative 2014 Religious Landscape Study (RLS) asked more than 35,000 U.S. adults, “How often do you meditate? Would you say at least once a week, once or twice a month, several times a year, seldom, or never?” Americans tend to say they meditate regularly (40 percent do so at least weekly) or rarely, if at all (45 percent seldom or never do). There’s not much middle ground—only 8 percent say they meditate once or twice a month and only 4 percent say they do so several times a year. The Americans most likely to report high frequency of meditation—Jehovah’s Witnesses, older Americans, Black Americans, poorer Americans, and political conservatives—diverge from stereotypes about frequent practitioners of meditation.

Radon Testing Status in Schools by Radon Zone and School Location and Demographic Characteristics: United States, 2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry Everett Jones ◽  
Stephanie Foster ◽  
Andrew S. Berens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Radon Testing ◽  
Radon Survey

Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive, colorless, odorless gas, and the second leading cause of lung cancer. The 1990–1991 National School Radon Survey estimated that more than 70,000 schoolrooms nationwide had “high short-term radon levels.” Using data from a nationally representative survey of schools in the United States ( N = 568; response rate = 69%), we examined the location and demographic characteristics of U.S. schools that had ever been tested for radon and whether having been tested varied by radon zone, which predicts average indoor radon levels in U.S. counties. Overall, 46.0% (95% confidence interval [39.8%, 52.4%]) of schools reported that they had ever been tested for radon. Testing significantly varied by region, percentage of minority students, and radon zone. These findings highlight the need for improved awareness of radon testing in schools, as testing is the only way to identify when remediation is needed.

The future of telephone surveys in Hong Kong

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wing-kai Chiu ◽  
Niantao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Fixed Line

Purpose This paper aims to compare residential fixed-line telephone surveys with cell phone surveys for assessing the extent of the potential undercoverage issue evaluating the necessity and feasibility of conducting cell phone surveys or dual-frame telephone surveys in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach The research team simultaneously carried out a conventional fixed-line telephone survey and a cell phone survey in 2015 with similar features on survey design, sampling and data collection procedures. Two samples with sample size of 801 and 1,203 were achieved separately. Data collected were analysed to see to what extent survey findings will be biased if the sampling frame of telephone surveys is solely based on residential fixed-line numbers in Hong Kong, and if such a bias does exist, whether a survey conducted through cell phones or by adding a cell phone-only (CO) group would be an ideal solution for it. Findings The findings show that the cooperation rates for the cell phone survey were much lower than those of the fixed-line telephone survey. The respondents from two surveys were fairly different. However, estimates of most commonly used socio-demographic characteristics from the latter group had the least bias compared with population statistics. Supplanting the traditional fixed-line survey with a cell phone survey or supplementing it with a CO group will not make the resulting sample a better representative of the population but it will amplify the sample bias on the major social socio-demographic characteristics. Originality/value This paper empirically compares the two types of telephone surveys in a well-designed scientific study.

Feasibility of Using a Nationally Representative Telephone Survey to Monitor Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Buka ◽  
Mitch T. Wallin ◽  
William J. Culpepper ◽  
Younga H. Lee ◽  
Ruth Ann Marrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nationally Representative

scholarly journals Item Location, the Interviewer–Respondent Interaction, and Responses to Battery Questions in Telephone Surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Olson ◽  
Jolene D. Smyth ◽  
Beth Cochran
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Interviewer Behaviors ◽  
Item Location

Survey researchers often ask a series of attitudinal questions with a common question stem and response options, known as battery questions. Interviewers have substantial latitude in deciding how to administer these items, including whether to reread the common question stem on items after the first one or to probe respondents’ answers. Despite the ubiquity of use of these items, there is virtually no research on whether respondent and interviewer behaviors on battery questions differ over items in a battery or whether interview behaviors are associated with answers to these questions. This article uses a nationally representative telephone survey with audio-recorded interviews and randomized placement of items within four different batteries to examine interviewer and respondent behaviors and respondent answers in battery questions. Using cross-classified random-effects models, the authors find strong evidence that there is more interviewer–respondent interaction on items asked earlier in the battery. In addition, interviewer and respondent behaviors are associated with both substantive and nonsubstantive answers provided to battery items, especially if the interviewer decided to reread or probe with the response options. These results suggest that survey designers should follow recommendations to randomize battery items and consider the importance of standardization of question administration when designing battery questions.

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