A Baseline Covariate Adjusted Chi-Square Test for Binary and Categorical Data

The current research presents some principles and settings in teaching biostatistics. The purpose of study is to enhance the teaching of biostatistics in Russian medical schools and overcome some problems by applying new approaches and innovation techniques. The research included the questionnaire of students, teachers and postgraduates of the Altai State Medical University. There were applied different approaches and studying by means of learning system MOODLЕ with differentiated courses in biostatistics. Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-square test and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings showed some new approaches and methods in education to improve the biostatistical competence of medical students. The changing in content of biostatistical course would increase students’ motivation if it were maximum approximated to the real medical cases. The analysis of the results proved that some approaches are more effective for teaching biostatistics. They allow students to study according to their personal educational goals and paths.

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The Bayes Factor for the Misclassified Categorical Data

International Journal of Statistics and Probability ◽

10.5539/ijsp.v7n4p91 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Tze-San Lee

Keyword(s):

Categorical Data ◽

Bayes Factor ◽

Alternative Hypothesis ◽

Multinomial Distribution ◽

P Value ◽

Categorical Variable ◽

Chi Square ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Cell Proportion

This article addresses the issue of misclassification in a single categorical variable, that is, how to test whether the collected categorical data are misclassified. To tackle this issue, a pair of null and alternative hypotheses is proposed. A mixed Bayesian approach is taken to test these hypotheses. Specifically, a bias-adjusted cell proportion estimator is presented that accounts for the bias caused by classification errors in the observed categorical data. The chi-square test is then adjusted accordingly. To test the null hypothesis that the data are not misclassified under a specified multinomial distribution against the alternative hypothesis they are misclassified, the Bayes factor is calculated for the observed data and a comparison is made with the classical p-value.

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Non-Compliance with COVID-19 Screening in Pakistan

Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College ◽

10.37939/jrmc.v24isupp-1.1429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (Supp-1) ◽

pp. 50-55

Author(s):

Furqan Ali Taj ◽

Muhammad Raheel Raza ◽

Saima Naz ◽

Muhammad Umar ◽

Aqsa Hameed

Keyword(s):

Categorical Data ◽

General Public ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Education Level ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Local Study ◽

Gender And Education ◽

Chi Square Test

Objectives: To quantify the non-complaint portion of the general public – not wanting to be screened for COVID-19 and find the reason for this non-compliance, in the general public of Rawalpindi Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: General public of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. From June 19, 2020, to June 21, 2020. Methodology: A questionnaire was constructed based on a local study, it was injected to the accessible online population through Google Forms. Surveyors collected data from the illiterate population on printed proforma. A sample of 1108 was collected. IBM® SPSS® was used for data analysis. For categorical data, frequencies and percentages were calculated. A Chi-square test was applied for statistical significance. Results: 45.3% of participants were females, 54.7% were males. 37.9% of participants were married and 62.1% were unmarried. 3.8% were illiterate, 40.4% were matriculated and 47.1% had education higher than intermediate. 38.3% was non-compliant population – didn’t want to get screened for COVID-19. 30.7% were non-compliant because of ‘fear of isolation/ quarantine with other COVID-19 patients, leading to worsening of disease’ followed by 26.9% who ‘don’t trust the reliability of the test’. Gender and Education level variables were statistically significant in determining non-compliance. Marital status was found non-significant. Conclusion: A significant portion of the population i.e. 38.3% showed non-compliance with COVID-19 screening, which was statistically associated with gender and education level.

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Testing The Mean For Business Data: Should One Use The Z-Test, T-Test, F-Test, The Chi-Square Test, Or The P-Value Method?

Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) ◽

10.19030/tlc.v3i7.1704 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Jiajuan Liang ◽

William S. Pan

Keyword(s):

Categorical Data ◽

T Test ◽

P Value ◽

F Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

P Values ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship ◽

Two Populations

In testing the mean of a population or comparing the means from two populations. There are several statistics available: the t-test, z-test, F-test and the chi-square test. Both the t-test and the z-test are usually used for continuous populations, and the chi-square test is used for categorical data. The F-test is used for comparing more than two means. In this paper we will discuss: 1) the conditions on using these tests; 2) the relationship among these test; and 3) illustration of the p-values of these tests by graphs. Some concluding remarks will be provided.

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A categorical data analysis of impact of biogas on women of rural households – with examples from Nepal

International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences ◽

10.11591/ijaas.v8.i1.pp34-43 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Jyoti U. Devkota

Keyword(s):

Categorical Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Measurement Instruments ◽

Categorical Data Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Asset Index ◽

The Family ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Socio Economic Variables ◽

Official Records

This paper is based on primary data collected from 400 households of biogas consumers. A detailed structured questionnaire was developed and pretested. Here response to each question was given as a multiple choice option resulting in more than 450 categorical data. These variables studied various aspects of households using biogas. The results focused on women of these households. Interrelationships between several other variables including the role of a woman in various decisions related to the plant were analyzed. Logistic regression of decision making of woman on several variables including asset index of the family was done. This asset index was calculated from the principle component analysis of socio-economic variables. The family dynamics in the choice of biogas as renewable energy source was quantified using odds ratio and regression coefficients. The interdependence between variables was tested using Chi square test of Independence of Attributes. A novel data based approach of generation and analysis of categorical data is demonstrated here. The suitability of generation of categorical data in the absence of accurate measurement instruments is highlighted. This method is also suitable for countries without a strong backbone of good quality official records, and provides a good backup data for official statistics.

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Association of serum interleukin 6 levels with clinical outcome of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20213196 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ramakrishnan Sivasankaran ◽

Parvathi Mallesh ◽

Prakash Banahalli Chikkaiah ◽

Meer Zuhadulla ◽

Bhavana Bhagvath

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcome ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Inflammatory Cytokine ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Poor Clinical Outcome ◽

Chi Square ◽

Single Center Study ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Interleukin 6 (IL6) is an inflammatory cytokine and hence used as a serological marker of inflammation. COVID-19 infections induces a state of hyperinflammation which makes it conducive for opportunistic infections like mucormycosis.Methods: The prospective single-center study considered adults patients of both the gender, diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by RT-PCR technique and clinically, microbiologically or radiologically confirmed cases of mucormycosis. Necessary demographic, clinical data and serum IL6 level were collected and selected subjects were followed up until discharge or death. Subjects were classified as those who survived and succumbed to death. Chi-square test was used to analyse for categorical data between the groups.Results: The study included 61 subjects, where in there was statistically significant association between serum IL6 levels with clinical outcome of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM). Serum IL6 levels were significantly higher in patients who died.Conclusions: Higher serum IL6 levels is associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with CAM. Hence it can be used as a marker to predict prognosis of the disease.

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Clinical profile and outcome of elderly COVID-19 patients

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20212755 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Diwakar Narashima Murthy Tumkur ◽

Thejaswi Kuchalu Gurumurthy ◽

Rajeshwari Channagoudar

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Receiver Operating Curve ◽

Clinical Feature ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Health Infrastructure ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

D Dimer

Background: Emerging and reemerging infectious disease have plagued mankind and have been potential killer since historic times. The current pandemic of COVID-19 is the latest crisis that has challenged leadership and health infrastructure globally. Since, elderly are more susceptible, understanding risk factor and clinical feature in them is critically important to improve the outcome and efficacy of treatment.Methods: The prospective study included 1187 patients, aged ≥65 years diagnosed with COVID-19. Necessary record like demographic data, comorbidities and clinical features were collected. Relevant laboratory investigation done. Patients were grouped as survival and death. Different parameters were compared using t-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical data. Receiver operating curve (ROC) drawn using SPSS software.Results: Out of 1187 elderly people,316 (26%) have succumbed to death. Mortality was more in Male (68.7%). Fever (42%), cough (33.2%), dyspnea (26.9%) were the major symptom. Among patient who succumbed to death 45.9% people had diabetes with hypertension, 15.2% had only diabetes, 17.1% had only hypertension, 12.3% had chronic kidney disease and 15.56% had IHD. ROC curve drawn for TLC (AUC=0.72), NLR ratio (AUC=0.844), LDH (AUC=0.842), D-dimer (AUC=0.851), CRP (AUC=0.82), ferritin (AUC=0.823) which were statistically significant as predictor of disease outcome. D-dimer at cut-off 1 mcg/ml has specificity 89% and sensitivity 76% which is highest among the parameter, followed by NLR ratio at 6.9 has specificity (82%), sensitivity (73%).Conclusions: D-dimer of 1 mcg/ml, NLR ratio of 6.9 may assist in triaging patient requiring ICU care and deciding intervention. Also, elderly with multiple comorbidity should be treated aggressively, so that chance of survival can be increased.

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Online, face to face and hybrid meetings. What is the new normal in the COVID-19 era? A global collaborative survey by iTRUE group and UroSoMe working group

10.21203/rs.3.rs-89959/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniele Castellani ◽

BM Zeeshan Hameed ◽

Yiloren Tanidir ◽

Nithesh Naik ◽

Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Delphi Method ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Chi Square ◽

Face To Face ◽

Virtual Meeting ◽

The Face ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic there was a significant increase in online webinars, which were universally available and advertised via Social Media, eliminating geographic restrictions thereby achieving a broader audience.Objective: The primary outcome of our survey was to see how virtual meetings would fare vis a vis face-to-face meeting, and if there would any future role of a “hybrid" meeting concept. The secondary outcome was to find out the best webinar/ virtual meeting settings.Design, setting, and participants: An online global survey was done between 6th June, 2020 to 5th July 2020 via https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/K26B5RQ. Using Delphi method, the survey questions were designed regarding webinars, face to face meetings and hybrid meetings, and circulated.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Categorical data were presented with counts and percentages, and comparison was done using Chi-square test and answers to Likert-like scale questions using the Mann-Whitney U test.Results and limitations: A total of N=526 urologists from 56 countries responded to the survey, of which N=386(73.38%) completed the questionnaire. The overall experience of participants was better in the face-to-face meeting followed by a hybrid meeting and webinar. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the preference for the type of conference was that of a hybrid meeting N=199(51%) than the webinar N=95(25%), using Zoom platform N= 283(73%) on laptop/desktop as the device of choice N=267(69%) and believed that a 1-hour webinar N=196(51%) was ideal at evening time N=277(72%) with 3-5 speakers N=242(62%) for each meeting. Although urology residents rated face-to-face meetings to have better cost-effectiveness when compared to consultants.Conclusions: The current pandemic has shown a trend towards online webinars; however, they are not a substitution to face-to-face meetings. Our survey shows an increased preference towards a hybrid meeting in the coming future which would be ideal for global participation, adding value to money and time.

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