scholarly journals Neoliberalism in the Grey Area: Community Defense, the State, and Organized Crime in Guerrero and Michoacán

2020 ◽  
pp. 0094582X2097501
Author(s):  
Antonio Fuentes Díaz ◽  
Daniele Fini
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Grey Area ◽  
The Relationship

The various experiments in community defense of organized groups in Guerrero and Michoacán, Mexico, to confront the insecurity produced by organized crime are occurring in a social setting in which legality and illegality are blurred—a grey area— as a function of regional economic reconfigurations that have fostered violence. The state uneasily tolerates the emergence of armed defense groups in the region by attempting to subject them to the model of citizen participation in security matters. Understanding these groups calls for supplementing current views about their various forms, which focus on their legality/illegality, with an emphasis on the relationship between them and the society and its dominant actors. Los diversos experimentos en defensa comunitaria de grupos organizados en Guerrero y Michoacán, México, para enfrentar la inseguridad producida por el crimen organizado ocurren en un entorno social, un área gris en la que la legalidad y la ilegalidad se difuminan en función de las reconfiguraciones económicas regionales que han fomentado la violencia. El Estado tolera con incertidumbre el surgimiento de grupos de defensa armados en la región al tratar de someterlos a un modelo de participación ciudadana en asuntos de seguridad. Para entender a estos grupos es necesario complementar los puntos de vista actuales sobre las diversas formas que toman, centrados en su legalidad o ilegalidad, con un énfasis en la relación entre ellos y la sociedad con sus actores dominantes.

Globalization and the Emergence of Violent Non-state Actors: The Case of Human Trafficking

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Zhidkova
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study examines the impact of globalization on the emergence of human trafficking as a transnational security threat. The author discusses the relationship between globalization and violent non-state actors (VNSAs), seeing human trafficking as one of VNSAs threatening the state in the age of globalization. The erosion of state sovereignty and emergence of transnational organized crime are analyzed in an attempt to understand the role of globalization in transforming human trafficking into a transnational challenge.

Repositioning sovereignty? Sovereign encounters with organized crime and money laundering in the realm of accountants

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Hörnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
State Violence ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Domains

This article repositions sovereignty on the basis of a study of recent regulatory approaches to organized crime and money laundering. The spread of techniques across administrative domains is traced through organizational documents and interviews with practitioners, and related to an observed trend toward integration between policing research and regulation research. The same trend, however, assigns sovereignty to the periphery. A richer notion of sovereignty is recovered through a reading of the classical theorists, and used to tease out the articulation of sovereignty in current state strategies. Theorizing ‘sovereignty at the center’ as opposed to ‘sovereignty at the periphery’ challenges basic assumptions about the relationship between the state and economic activity, and in particular about the utility-oriented character of state violence.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Combined Household Housing and Transportation Costs and Regional Economic Activity in Virginia

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Regional Economic Performance ◽  
Economic Vitality ◽  
The Relationship

Transportation is the second-largest expenditure category for households, accounting for nearly 20 cents of every dollar spent annually across the U.S. Only housing costs exceed transportation, and combined they represent a substantial burden on households. A primary economic connection between housing and transportation costs is related to the tradeoffs that households make in terms of residential location and what they have left of their household budget to spend on other needs. Families are forced to spend thousands of dollars annually on owning and operating private vehicles, forego wealth creation, and the ability to enjoy other benefits of homeownership. This analysis examines combined housing and transportation costs at the state level to regional economic performance. It contributes to the literature by testing the geographic scope of household expenditure burdens at this scale. Along with previous literature, this analysis provides evidence about the connection between the local and regional economic vitality and the burden of the combined effects of housing and transport on households. Overall, the results suggest that, from 2008 to 2018, these household cost burdens were a function of economic activity, household characteristics, and location in the state of Virginia.

scholarly journals La Universidad-Pueblo: Periodismo, política y democracia en el sur de México durante la década de 1970

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ana Lilia Nieto Camacho ◽  
Rafael Alarcón Medina ◽  
Miguel Ángel Ríos
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Social Project ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes the relationship between the State and universities in Mexico during the 1970s. From a socio-historical perspective, the academic and social project, Universidad-Pueblo, of the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAG) is addressed. The emphasis on written press makes it possible to observe how some higher education institutions and its students proposed critical models that were strongly articulated with social demands and left-wing movements amid an authoritarian political regime in which democratic institutional ways of citizen participation were virtually closed. The Universidad-Pueblo project is one of the most radical and complex experiences of this process and its study allows to analyze the relevance of universities within the state’s public life, as well as to consider the UAG as a democratic sphere in the political context of the state of Guerrero.

Organized Crime, the State, and Paramilitarism

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-114
Author(s):  
Uğur Ümit Üngör
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Law Making

How are paramilitarism and crime related to each other? Empirical studies of paramilitarism make abundantly clear that (organized) crime plays an important role in paramilitarism: the trade in illicit commodities and services and the fact that criminal gangs operate in secrecy are two phenomena that are closely related to paramilitary activity. The influences seem to run both ways: criminals benefit from paramilitarism, and paramilitarism often engenders crime. In many examples, entire organized crime structures have collided with states and paramilitary units. This chapter offers a deeper look at the relationships between paramilitarism and crime. It looks at how criminal organizations are coveted by states if the tasks at hand necessitate the need for trust that characterizes interpersonal relationships within criminal groups. The relationship is mutually beneficial, because it allows criminal groups to achieve a form of respectability, preserve their assets, and develop their activities by influencing law-making and extending their network. The chapter examines these shared interests and trade-offs, discusses organized crime in peace and wartime, and draws several paramilitary-criminal profiles of those who pursued not only wealth and private interests, but also political power.

Civic Engagement Innovation: How ICTs Shape the Relationship Between State and Citizens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Gagliardia ◽  
Francesco Niglia ◽  
Gianluca Misuraca ◽  
Giulio Pasi
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this chapter is to introduce an important area where ICT-Enabled Social Innovation has a particularly high impact, civic engagement, and building a typology of ICT-Enabled Civic Engagement innovation. The idea is that ICTs are becoming increasingly pervasive in the design, development and delivery of social innovation and of civic engagement initiatives and, as a consequence, the relationship between the state (intended as government as well as administration) and citizens is increasingly mediated by the technology in what is now widely known as Smart City/E-Government and relative applications. The provision of services by the state is not only set to become more efficient/effective because of the streamlining effects of the technologies, but also new services are emergent. The framework within which our typology is set out refers to the recent literature on social innovation and ICTs studying the types of relationships between government and citizens. The typology is developed upon empirical considerations based on 41 ICT-Enabled Social Innovation Initiatives selected during the 2014 – 2016 Mapping and Analysis carried out under the aegis of the JRC. The initiatives considered emerged from a research strategy based on systematic mapping of initiatives with policy relevance where ICTs played an important role either as enabler or driver of the innovation process. The initiatives selected had proven evidence of outcomes and/or long-term exceptional output. The sample includes a wide variety of cases from different sectors dealing with the different dimensions of civic engagement. There are grass-root movements and initiatives based on or oriented towards volunteerism; it includes also initiatives engendering citizen participation and those enhancing civic engagement through crowdsourcing/funding activities. The typology developed in this chapter highlights how ICTs underpin innovation in civic engagement initiatives in two main ways; first, it provides instruments and tools to deliver efficient and effective services through modernising existing processes and, second, it has become integrated part of the service design promoting the integration of existing services or the diffusion of new services. However, between the two modes there is not a clear-cut distinction between the roles and uses of ICTs.

Sizing up the Outfit

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Joe Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Corporate Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Chicago Politics ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the state of Jewish Chicagoan crime during the 1940s, when the Syndicate was occasionally known as the “Outfit.” This was a period when the relationship between organized crime and Chicago politics was reshaped for the rest of the twentieth century. It marked a détente in Chicago politics that eventually resulted in the change from the confederated system of organized crime to the more corporate structure. Here, a machine was assembled with deep enough roots in labor and ethnic coalitions that it did not need the day-to-day violence of previous gangsters. That meant politicians did not have to depend upon gangsters so directly, and it marked, for the most part, the end of the gangster/politician hybrid. Similarly, the Syndicate’s departure from that relationship allowed it to assume a lower profile, to become a quiet corporation supplanting the necessarily noisier confederation model. It meant a transformation from the world in which Zuckerman had thrived into the one that fostered Patrick.

scholarly journals Criminal Politics: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Organized Crime, Politics, and Violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Criminal Violence ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The Relationship

Over the last decade, organized criminal violence has reached unprecedented levels and has caused as much violent death globally as direct armed conflict. Nonetheless, the study of organized crime in political science remains limited because these organizations and their violence are not viewed as political. Building on recent innovations in the study of armed conflict, I argue that organized criminal violence should no longer be segregated from related forms of organized violence and incorporated within the political violence literature. While criminal organizations do not seek to replace or break away from the state, they have increasingly engaged in the politics of the state through the accumulation of the means of violence itself. Like other non-state armed groups, they have developed variously collaborative and competitive relationships with the state that have produced heightened levels of violence in many contexts and allowed these organizations to gather significant political authority. I propose a simple conceptual typology for incorporating the study of these organizations into the political violence literature and suggest several areas of future inquiry that will illuminate the relationship between violence and politics more generally.

Emotion Appraisals Predict Neuroticism and Extraversion

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andrew Comensoli ◽  
Carolyn MacCann
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
The State ◽  
The Relationship

The current study proposes and refines the Appraisals in Personality (AIP) model in a multilevel investigation of whether appraisal dimensions of emotion predict differences in state neuroticism and extraversion. University students (N = 151) completed a five-factor measure of trait personality, and retrospectively reported seven situations from the previous week, giving state personality and appraisal ratings for each situation. Results indicated that: (a) trait neuroticism and extraversion predicted average levels of state neuroticism and extraversion respectively, and (b) five of the examined appraisal dimensions predicted one, or both of the state neuroticism and extraversion personality domains. However, trait personality did not moderate the relationship between appraisals and state personality. It is concluded that appraisal dimensions of emotion may provide a useful taxonomy for quantifying and comparing situations, and predicting state personality.

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