scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Combined Household Housing and Transportation Costs and Regional Economic Activity in Virginia

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Regional Economic Performance ◽  
Economic Vitality ◽  
The Relationship

Transportation is the second-largest expenditure category for households, accounting for nearly 20 cents of every dollar spent annually across the U.S. Only housing costs exceed transportation, and combined they represent a substantial burden on households. A primary economic connection between housing and transportation costs is related to the tradeoffs that households make in terms of residential location and what they have left of their household budget to spend on other needs. Families are forced to spend thousands of dollars annually on owning and operating private vehicles, forego wealth creation, and the ability to enjoy other benefits of homeownership. This analysis examines combined housing and transportation costs at the state level to regional economic performance. It contributes to the literature by testing the geographic scope of household expenditure burdens at this scale. Along with previous literature, this analysis provides evidence about the connection between the local and regional economic vitality and the burden of the combined effects of housing and transport on households. Overall, the results suggest that, from 2008 to 2018, these household cost burdens were a function of economic activity, household characteristics, and location in the state of Virginia.

scholarly journals Strategic planning for human resources and its impact on Sudanese national security: التخطيط الاستراتيجي للموارد البشرية وأثره على الأمن القومي السوداني

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu'tasim Hussein Abu Zeid
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
National Security ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
The Relationship

The study considered the importance of strategic planning for human resources and its impact on Sudanese national security considering that strategic planning is one of the important mechanisms that achieve integration and interaction between the components of the comprehensive perspective of human resources at the state level, in order to achieve the conditions required to achieve the full utilization of competitive human capabilities as one of the important elements affecting national security. The study aimed at the importance of strategic planning for human resources at the macro level of the state and its impact on Sudanese national security. The study reviewed the terms related to strategic planning, the concept of national security and the relationship between strategy, national security and human resources. The study reviewed the terms related to strategic planning, the concept of national security and the relationship between strategy, national security and human resources. The study also dealt with the aspects affecting the human resources and the Sudanese reality. The descriptive approach was used for the study and the scientific sources that dealt with the subject were used as sources for the study. The study concluded that strategic planning for human resources should be adopted, and that a national policy should be established through human resource development programs and clear foundations for investing human resources to meet challenges related to human capabilities, especially competitive human capacities.

Sodium menu labelling: priorities for research and policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eleanore Alexander ◽  
Lainie Rutkow ◽  
Kimberly A Gudzune ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Emma E McGinty
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Legal Databases ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract Objective: To understand the different Na menu labelling approaches that have been considered by state and local policymakers in the USA and to summarise the evidence on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers. Design: Proposed and enacted Na menu labelling laws at the state and local levels were reviewed using legal databases and an online search, and a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers. Setting: Local and state jurisdictions in the USA Participants: Not applicable. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, thirty-eight laws – eleven at the local level and twenty-seven at the state level – were proposed to require Na labelling of restaurant menu items. By 2020, eight laws were enacted requiring chain restaurants to label the Na content of menu items. Five studies were identified that evaluated the impact of Na menu labelling on Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers in the USA. The studies had mixed results: two studies showed a statistically significant association between Na menu labelling and reduced Na content of menu items; three showed no effects. Conclusion: Data suggest that Na menu labelling may reduce Na in restaurant menu items, but further rigorous research evaluating Na menu labelling effects on Na content of menu items, as well as on the Na content in menu items purchased by consumers, is needed.

Local corruption and local stock returns

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065-1077
Author(s):  
Serkan Karadas ◽  
William McAndrew ◽  
Minh Tam Tammy Schlosky
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Local Stock

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corruption on stock returns in the USA. In particular, this study examines the relationship between corruption in a state (i.e. local corruption) and stock returns of firms headquartered in that state (i.e. local returns). Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the Fama–MacBeth two-step regressions. In the first step, the authors estimate the coefficients on the market, size, value and momentum factors for individual stocks. In the second step, they use those coefficients along with the corruption score of the state where stocks are headquartered to explain stock returns. Findings This paper finds that corruption in a state adversely affects stock returns of firms headquartered in that state. It further documents that the effect of corruption on stock returns is limited to geographically concentrated firms. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to document the effect of state-level corruption on individual stock returns in the USA using the Fama–MacBeth regressions. This study contributes to the literature by documenting the effect of local corruption on local stock returns in a low corruption country.

Is Sprawl Affordable for Americans?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2500 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Hamidi ◽  
Reid Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Household Costs ◽  
The Relationship

Housing affordability has been one of the most persistent national concerns in the United States, mainly because housing costs are the biggest item in most household budgets. Urban sprawl has been proved by previous studies to be a driver of housing affordability. Previous studies, however, were structurally flawed because they considered only costs directly related to housing and ignored the transportation costs associated with a remote location. This study sought to determine whether, after transportation costs were taken into account, urban sprawl was still affordable for Americans. Multilevel modeling and the recently released location affordability indexes (LAIs) and metropolitan compactness indexes tested the relationship between sprawl and housing affordability. By controlling for covariates, this study found that in compact areas, the portion of household income spent on housing was greater but the portion of income spent on transportation was lower. Each 10% increase in a compactness score was associated with a 1.1% increase in housing costs and a 3.5% decrease in transportation costs relative to income. The combined cost of housing and transportation declined as the compactness score rose. As metropolitan compactness increased, transportation costs decreased faster than housing costs increased, creating a net decline in household costs. This is a novel finding, conditioned only on the quality of the data on which the LAI is based.

scholarly journals Time-motion analysis and effort-pause relationship in taekwondo combats: a comparison of competitive levels

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio ◽  
Bruno Antunez ◽  
Charles Bartel
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Structure ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Parametric

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p648 To improve the combat sports training processes, the knowledge of effort:pause (E:P) ratio and of the high intensity:low intensity (HI:LI) relationship may be useful. However, no studies have investigated these aspects in taekwondo (TKD) official matches from different levels. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the temporal structure of TKD combat matches at regional and state-level events. Thirty-four combat matches involving male TKD black belt athletes were analyzed. The athletes took part in two separate championships according to their level of competitiveness. Non-parametric distributions were identified in all variables, and the median was used as centrality and the interquartile range (25%-75%) for dispersion. The analysis of non-parametric variance, Kruskal-Wallis, with Dunn post-hoc, was used for comparisons between variables within the same competitive level and Mann-Whitney test between them. The significance level was 5%. On both levels, approximately 50% of combat time (51.3% and 50.8% in state and regional, respectively) was aimed at low-intensity activities in an observation mode; 12% of the time was devoted to preparation actions; and 36% represented high-intensity activity. It was also noted that the relationship of E:P at the state level was 1:8; at the regional level, it was 1:4. The relationship of HI:LI was 1:3 in the state and regional levels. It was observed that there is a difference in the E:P relationship during TKD competitions among different competitive levels. These findings can assist coaches and trainers in developing suitable, specific training processes according to TKD competition level. 

scholarly journals Ontological Security, Trauma and Violence, and the Protection of Women: Polygamy Among Minority Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Harel-Shalev ◽  
Rebecca Kook
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Women Violence ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, we examine the special challenges posed by the practice of polygamy to minority women, focusing on the ways that the state and the women confront the related experiences of violence and trauma associated with this practice. Based on analysis of both policy and interviews with women, we demonstrate the tension between the different mechanisms adopted by the state as opposed to those adopted by the women themselves. We suggest that the concept of ontological security is valuable for a deeper understanding of the range of state motivations in cases related to minority women, violence, and the right for protection. Our case study is the Bedouin community in Israel. We explore the relationship between individual and state-level conceptions of violence and trauma and the complex relationship between these two. We examine state discourses of ontological security through a gendered lens, as frameworks of belonging and mechanisms of exclusion.

scholarly journals Rural Women Who Undertake and Empower Themselves: Comparative Analysis in Communities in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Hector Manuel Villanueva Lendechy ◽  
Ivonne Tapia Villagómez
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
The Relationship

This research presented a comparative analysis of 4 original and qualitative studies that were carried out in 2018 and 2019, in the Mexican companies Taselotzin, Artemali and in El PIRA Hermanos, located in the state of Puebal and a women´s venture in the community of Samaria in the state of Veracruz. In these investigations, the relationship between the variables was identified: social entrepreneurship and empowerment of rural women. The method used in the investigations was inductive and the techniques were documentary and panel interview in situ, the categories of analysis of the previous research: self-own business, decision making for the community, training, learning, culture ande sustainability. It was concluded that the 4 ventures are prone to training, which contributed to organizational learning and innovation, and in turn, to make the Company more competitive. In addition, Taselotzin opposed the construction of the High Voltage line in Cuetzalan, Artemali participated in health campaigns, moderately collects its raw material and takes care of the forest from the depredation of its resources. The PIRA Brothers regulate the activity of pyrotechnics at the state level to avoid accidents that become tatal and the farmers of Samaria pratice organic agricultura.

The Relationship Between Structural Racism and Black-White Disparities in Fatal Police Shootings at the State Level

2018 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldina Mesic ◽  
Lydia Franklin ◽  
Alev Cansever ◽  
Fiona Potter ◽  
Anika Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
The Relationship

Wealth Creation and the Entrepreneurial State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Mazzucato
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Lender Of Last Resort ◽  
Market Making ◽  
The Core ◽  
Extreme Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Building on the core ideas in the author’s book The Entrepreneurial State: debunking private vs. public sector myths, the chapter looks at the narrow way in which public policy is viewed in economics and the implications of this for our understanding of wealth creation. Focusing on the relationship between the State and innovation-led growth, it looks at the key role that public policies have had in taking on extreme risk and uncertainty in the innovation process. This has entailed the State acting not just as lender of last resort, but as investor of first resort. In this context, economic policy is more about market making and shaping, rather than just a market fixing. The chapter then focuses on the implications of this different understanding of public policy, for a more ‘collective’ understanding of wealth creation, and ways to ensure that not only risks but also rewards are socialized.

scholarly journals The Post 1990 Diplomacy Practices of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104
Author(s):  
Khadga K.C. ◽  
Niha Pandey
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Analysis

In 21st century, the discourse of diplomacy has taken a new turn which has led to an emergence of advanced practices of Diplomacy. This alteration has influenced Nepal’s diplomatic practices wherein the practice of diplomacy transformed immensely. With this note, this paper primarily focuses on the diplomatic practices of Nepal post 1990. It reflects on the relationship between the regime and the diplomatic practices in reference to the systemic and the state level of analysis. It further emphasizes on the Public Diplomacy as a significant aspect while conducting diplomacy in the 21st century. Additionally, the analysis comprehends public diplomacy in relation with the democratic political structure. Next, Total Diplomacy is taken under scrutiny. The significance of Total Diplomacy in case of Nepal is discussed and the challenges of adapting Total diplomacy with the changing political structure are emphasized upon.

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