Military Covenants and Contracts in Motion: Reservists as Transmigrants 10 Years Later

2020 ◽  
pp. 0095327X2092403
Author(s):  
Nir Gazit ◽  
Edna Lomsky-Feder ◽  
Eyal Ben Ari
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Implicit Contracts ◽  
Identity Commitment ◽  
Dynamic Dimension ◽  
The Military

This article reexamines and develops the analytical metaphor of “Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants” in three directions. First, we advance the notion of transmigration by linking it to the explicit and implicit “contracts” or agreements struck between the military and individuals and groups within and outside of it. Second, we show that the “management” model of reserve forces is not just an administrative matter but that “negotiating” with reservists involves wider issues that include managing identity, commitment, and the meaning attached to military service. Third, we examine the institutional and political meaning of the reserves at the macro sociological level. The juxtaposition and interplay of two models—transmigration and multiple contracts—allows us to introduce structural elements into the movement of soldiers between the military and civilian society, and add a dynamic dimension to the contents of the implicit contracts that organize reservists’ relations with the state and military.

scholarly journals Jan Sobieski’s latifundium and the soldiers (1652-1696)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ujma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Military Service ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The State ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
The People ◽  
Actual Strength ◽  
The Military

Abstract An analysis of the relationship between Jan III Sobieski and the people he distinguished shows that there were many mutual benefits. Social promotion was more difficult if the candidate for the office did not come from a senatorial family34. It can be assumed that, especially in the case of Atanazy Walenty Miączyński, the economic activity in the Sobieski family was conducive to career development. However, the function of the plenipotentiary was not a necessary condition for this. Not all the people distinguished by Jan III Sobieski achieved the same. More important offices were entrusted primarily to Marek Matczyński. Stanisław Zygmunt Druszkiewicz’s career was definitely less brilliant. Druszkiewicz joined the group of senators thanks to Jan III, and Matczyński and Szczuka received ministerial offices only during the reign of Sobieski. Jan III certainly counted on the ability to manage a team of people acquired by his comrades-in-arms in the course of his military service. However, their other advantage was also important - good orientation in political matters and exerting an appropriate influence on the nobility. The economic basis of the magnate’s power is an issue that requires more extensive research. This issue was primarily of interest to historians dealing with latifundia in the 18th century. This was mainly due to the source material. Latifundial documentation was kept much more regularly in the 18th century than before and is well-organized. The economic activity of the magnate was related not only to the internal organization of landed estates. It cannot be separated from the military, because the goal of the magnate’s life was politics and, very often, also war. Despite its autonomy, the latifundium wasn’t isolated. Despite the existence of the decentralization process of the state, the magnate families remained in contact with the weakening center of the state and influenced changes in its social structure. The actual strength of the magnate family was determined not only by the area of land goods, but above all by their profitability, which depended on several factors: geographic location and natural conditions, the current situation on the economic market, and the management method adopted by the magnate. In the 17th century, crisis phenomena, visible in demography, agricultural and crafts production, money and trade, intensified. In these realities, attempts by Jan III Sobieski to reconstruct the lands destroyed by the war and to introduce military rigor in the management center did not bring the expected results. Sobieski, however, introduced “new people” to the group of senators, who implemented his policy at the sejmiks and the Parliament, participated in military expeditions and managed his property.

scholarly journals To the Question on the Nature of Military Threats and Non-Military Responses

2015 ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
S. R. Tsyrendorzhjyev
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Common Task ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

The notion of "military danger, military threats, military and non-military measures to Parry, and other definitions from the policy of the State to ensure the military security of the now widely used in journalism, conceptual, other documents and research. The attentive reader it is not difficult to notice the ambiguity in the interpretation of these concepts. This makes it difficult to not only the perception of the relevant topics for ensuring military security publications, but also the development of the theory and practice of ensuring the defence and security of the State. The author's view on the essence of the reasoning logic of non-military measures to counter military threats, as the ultimate goal of the article is the following.First the task of analyzing the concept of "national security", "object of national security" and understand the functions of the State, society and the individual to ensure national security. Decomposition of an object of national security, which is "national property" (the content of the concepts described in the article) has made it possible to substantiate the basis for classification of national security threats and with better understanding of the nature, variety, Genesis. This provided a rationale for the role and the place of the tasks ensuring military security in the common task of ensuring national security, the correlation of military and non-military threats.The final phase of the research, the results of which are set out in the article is devoted to analysis of military threats, which made it possible to identify their main structural elements: source, media, military-political and strategic nature, install the main factors defining the content of these elements and their interaction. Based on these results, the proposed definition of the essence of non-military measures for counteracting of military threats, as well as guidelines for developing these measures.

Seviri Equitum Romanorum and municipal Seviri: A Study in Pre-Military Training among the Romans

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 158-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Ross Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The State ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
To Come ◽  
Circus Maximus ◽  
The Military

The pompa circensis, the solemn procession that marched to the Circus Maximus on the occasion of the ludi magni, was headed by the boys and young men of the state, those whose fathers had the census equester going on horseback and the others on foot. The object of the procession was, Dionysius says, depending on Fabius for his account, to show to strangers how numerous and powerful were the youths about to come to man's estate. The martial ceremony must have been a stirring preparation for the military service that in early times was the duty of every Roman citizen. There was further preparation for such service at Rome. Cicero tells us that in former times, for a year after the taking of the toga virilis, the young tiro was trained at Rome in exercitatio ludusque campestris. This preliminary training was restored for the young noble by Augustus who felt its importance as a preparation for the military service insisted upon for all who sought political preferment. Indeed, the old tirocinium, as Rostovtzeff has shown, seems to have been lengthened from one to two years.

scholarly journals Służba rycerska i mieszczańska oraz jej uzbrojenie na Górnych Łużycach za czasów Luksemburgów. Stan badań

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Michał Dudziński
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Military ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This article presents the state of research on the military service of knights and townspeople of Upper Lusatia and their armament during the Luxembourg reign. These considerations include not only the presentation of scientific achievements in this field, but also the justification of the intention to address this issue. The paper is a draft in nature. In terms of quantity, the source material is rich, although in terms of quality it looks less impressive. The richest archive collections can be found in Germany. The archives in Poland and the Czech Republic are also noteworthy, although they are not very large. Most attention was paid to this issue by German researchers, although the problem was often on the sidelines of main considerations. The most valuable studies were conducted by prominent Upper Lusatian historians Hermann Knothe and Richard Jecht. In Poland, the problem is not widely considered, although the research by Mateusz Goliński and Robert Heś is worthy of attention. Despite the fact that studies on this issue are not very well developed, it is justified to work on a potential publication on this subject. This need stems from the growing interest in Upper Lusatia and the inspiring works of medieval historians from Wrocław. Key words: Upper Lusatia, Luxembourg dynasty, military service of knights and townspeople, state of research, armament, Hermann Knothe, Richard Jecht

The silent women: The representation of Israeli female soldiers in Israeli women’s films

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-329
Author(s):  
Mira Moshe ◽  
Matan Aharoni
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Female Soldiers

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Israel has known seven wars, seven prominent violent operations and numerous military conflicts. During this period (1948–2019), 86 Israeli screen stories have engaged with the motif of Israel’s military/wars. However, only two of them were written by women and focused on the female Israeli soldier. The marginal position of screen stories based on Israeli women’s experience in the military presents a unique opportunity to unravel the notions female screenwriters have of women’s conduct in a patriarchal military culture. Our findings suggest that female Israeli screenwriters (a) propose a dual vision for women – on the one hand, they are portrayed as silenced, while on the other they use silence as a coping tactic; (b) represent the hegemonic male as silencing women’s voices even though in some cases women silence hegemonic men; and (c) depict military service as an opportunity for women to unravel their femininity.

IVAN STESHENKO'S CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL SCHOOL

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Inna Soyko
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Literature History ◽  
The Military

This article deals with Steshenko's practical activity as General Secretary of Education. In developing the concept of the Ukrainian school, I. Steshenko took into account the state of education and those priority tasks that were put on the agenda by the advanced Ukrainian community, educational and student groups. The researcher notes that during the development of the concept of the Ukrainian school, I. Steşhenko took into account the state of education and those priority tasks that were put on the agenda by the advanced Ukrainian community, educational and student groups, the immediate Ukrainianization of education, the creation, especially in villages, of the Ukrainian Ukrainian schools of all types, about the earliest possible introduction of compulsory general education, the release of Ukrainian-Ukrainian teachers from the military service. In accordance with the educational developments of I.Stešenko, supported by the pedagogical community and the government, already in the 1917–1918 academic year, obligatory subjects were introduced in all schools – Ukrainian language and literature, history and geography of Ukraine. According to the results of the research, the author notes that in all schools the study of subjects of Ukrainian studies in the Ukrainian language was introduced and concurrently there should be organized circles for extracurricular study of literature and history of Ukraine, and the libraries of Ukrainian literature were created. Taking into account the influence of the theater on the consciousness of youth, it was proposed to arrange Ukrainian performances regularly at schools, involving students, to hold literary and musical evenings devoted to Ukrainian writers. According to the results of the research, the scholar presents factual materials on the contribution of I. Stešenko to the development of educational institutions. With the participation of I. Steshenko in September 1917, the Ukrainian Gymnasium of the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood was opened. In the autumn of 1917, 53 secondary schools were opened by the population, including 3 Ukrainian high schools in Kyiv. These were new educational institutions, as the resistance of the Ukrainianization of existing schools on the ground was so significant that it was easier to organize a new one. In October 1917, the Ukrainian People's University, which consisted of historic-philological, physical-mathematical and legal faculties, was opened in Kiev to meet the needs of the Ukrainian people in higher education in Kyiv. The total number of students is 1,400. In November of the same year, the second higher educational institution - Pedagogical Courses was established, which later grew into the Pedagogical Academy. The new secondary school in Ukraine appearead in Ukraine thanks to his activity. The school of that period survied different intentnces cjnnectet with hetman's rule of Seoropatskiy and Rada of Peoples Commissars and in spite of hard political period, thanks to I. M. Steshenko the school of Ukraine passed the period of formation.

scholarly journals TERRITORIAL PECULIARITIES OF MOBILIZATION POTENTIAL OF OK "WEST" AND OK "NORTH"

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Taras Kravets ◽  
Andrii Shcherba ◽  
Volodymyr Bilovolenko
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Group Method ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Prospective Group ◽  
Mobilization Potential ◽  
The Military

The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing training of military serviceable personnel in the Ukrainian citizens, to develop directions and prospects for developing the system of the Armed Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, to determine the highest mobilization potential among the areas of operational command "PIVNICH" and operational command "West" and most prospective group. Method. The research was conducted on the basis of analysis of available literature sources on this topic and practical component of 2014 mobilization. The available statistical materials of the region were worked out, and the materials collected on the basis of which were drawn up maps of mobilization potential and qualitative structure of human resources. Results. Theoretical, methodological and practical problems of mobilization potential in the troops are investigated. The tendencies and prospects of development of these processes in the military sphere are analyzed. The leading tasks, the solution of which promotes the mobilization potential are substantiated. In the article, on the basis of the analysis of the existing system of training, mobilization in 2014 and passage of military service by the citizens of Ukraine, the mobilization potential of the regions of the country is determined. On the basis of the analysis of the age structure of the personnel called for mobilization, the most promising age group for the protection of the state was determined. A new approach to the mobilization potential of the state is determined and its components are elaborated. Scientific novelty. The necessity of this research is caused by the fact that since 2014 and till now there are fighting in the east of our country, it is not clear which regions have the greatest mobilization potential, considering not only human resources, but also the desire to fight for their state and if necessary give your life. To date, there are no identified factors that increase the mobilization potential in the regions that contribute to its improvement and, accordingly, the factors that aggravate this situation, which is what led to this study. Practical meaning. Modeling and analysis identify which areas have the highest mobilization potential, as well as the least, identify the factors that cause it and what measures should be taken to remedy the situation. The results of the study are designed to plan state structures for possible mobilization resources, from each area as needed, including a larger scale of hostilities. The geographical features that should be given the most attention in the analysis of the military potential of the military potential are highlighted.

scholarly journals Results of a comprehensive study of expert opinion and social hygienic aspects of doctors of draft boards of the subjects of the Russian Federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-705
Author(s):  
A A Sogiyaynen
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Specialists ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military

Aim. Examination of expert opinions and social and hygienic aspects of the activities of draft board doctors of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Methods. The results of an anonymous continuous survey of medical specialists of the military-medical commissions of the military commissariats of the subjects of the Russian Federation (n=646) are presented, who directly conduct military-medical examination of the studied contingent. Results. When interviewing experts, significant factors were found that affect the health of citizens of draft age and the quality of military medical expertise. Thus, experts assessed the state of health of modern young men as satisfactory in 84% of cases, and in 3.6% as unsatisfactory. 46.5% of medical specialists noted a positive trend in the level of moral and psychological training of the contingent. Over 14% of respondents noted a negative trend in the health status of young men of draft age over the past 5 years. 9.8% of specialists assess the level of treatment and preventive measures among persons of draft age as unsatisfactory, 25.3% of experts consider it necessary to expand the list of mandatory diagnostic studies when preparing citizens for military service. The reasons for the unsatisfactory work of the system for the prevention of diseases among citizens before being drafted for military service, according to medical specialists, are formalism in carrying out activities for the prevention of diseases, lack of subspecialists in health care organizations, especially in remote areas, and the elimination of adolescent service. The state of the regulatory framework governing the relationship of the parties during the medical provision of training and conscription to the military forces of the Russian Federation adversely affects the work of 43.6% of doctors. Conclusion. An expert opinion of the medical specialists of the military medical commissions of the military commissariats indicates that the main reserves for improving the quality of measures to prepare citizens for military service are the expansion of diagnostic and treatment and prophylactic measures carried out before military conscription.

scholarly journals War crime in the conditions of the Joint Forces Operation: a criminological description

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Yuriy Krychun
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Security ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of war crime and analysis of its forensic characteristics. The study analyzed the concepts of crime, war crime and the probable reasons for their commission. It is determined that military service is an extremely important type of activity, as it is designed to ensure state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine. The main military formation in Ukraine is the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the procedure of which is determined by the relevant legislation, according to which the Armed Forces is an independent state and legal institution, a reflection of modern Ukrainian society, but with its specific demographic, organizational, social, psychological and legal features. It is established that any crime is a negative social phenomenon that poses a threat to both society and the state. The social danger of each crime is manifested in the task or the creation of the danger of causing significant harm to public relations: the interests of the individual, society, state, which are protected by criminal law. But in war crimes behind these relations are the interests of a higher order – the military security of the state: the state of combat capability of the Armed Forces, other military formations, the ability to perform tasks set by the state, and ultimately protect the country from possible military aggression. Any crime against military service undermines the combat capability of military units, as a consequence, causes significant damage to the combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and, ultimately, to the military security of the state. Thus, the social danger of war crimes finds its expression in the task or in the creation of a threat of significant damage to the interests of military security of the state in the field of its defense and, therefore, is characterized by an increased degree of public danger. For Ukraine, in terms of the Operation joint forces, war crimes are extremely negative, as these are the factors that undermine combat readiness, military discipline and legal consciousness of the servicemen, creates the conditions for the loss of military personnel, military property, and therefore requires the authorities to use all necessary resources to fight and prevent the Commission of war crimes. Thus, the data on the person that has committed war crimes, as an element of criminalistic characteristics are of fundamental importance because they are a solid information base, which later during the establishment of corresponding co-dependent relationships will determine the other unknown elements of criminalistic characteristics.

scholarly journals ‘The Days of their Heedless Power Were Over and Done’: Dynamics of Power in the Military Structures of the Precolonial Asante State, 1874–1900

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Manu-Osafo
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Coercive Power ◽  
The Social ◽  
Armed Resistance ◽  
Standing Army ◽  
The Military

Abstract The British surprisingly faced no military resistance when they captured Asante in 1896. Previous works have focused on the agency of actors like Prempe and Frederick Hodgson to explain why. This paper, in contrast, approaches this epoch in Asante history from the context of the sociopolitical power structure within which the precolonial Asante state operated. It asserts that Asante's independence was contingent on having a strong military. But since it had no standing army, the state used Asante's ‘social contract’ to coerce its subjects into ad hoc armies to meet military threats. Starting from the 1874 Sagrenti War, however, the state disregarded the social contract. This unleashed a series of events that undermined the state's power to coerce Asantes into military service. The article posits further that this erosion of the state's coercive power ultimately prevented it from countering the British with armed resistance in 1896 to maintain independence.

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