Bells in Space

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio J. Rey
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Us States ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Interregional Inequality ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatial Outliers ◽  
Global Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Shaped Pattern

Social and interregional inequality patterns across US states from 1929–2012 are analyzed using exploratory space–time methods. The results suggest complex spatial dynamics for both inequality series that were not captured by the stylized model of Alonso. Interpersonal income inequalities of states displayed a U-shaped pattern ending the period at levels that exceeded the alarmingly high patterns that existed in the 1920s. Social inequality is characterized by greater mobility than that found for state per capita incomes. Spatial dependence is also distinct between the two series, with per capita incomes exhibiting strong global spatial autocorrelation, while state interpersonal income inequality does not. Local hot and cold spots are found for the per capita income series, while local spatial outliers are found for state interpersonal inequality. Mobility in both inequality series is found to be influenced by the local spatial context of a state.

Transfer-based decentralisation, economic growth and spatial inequality: Evidence from China’s 2002–2003 tax sharing reform

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-826
Author(s):  
Fan Fan ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Dali Yang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Interregional Inequality ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Tax Sharing

China has adopted a transfer-based fiscal decentralisation scheme since the mid-1990s. In the 1994 tax sharing reform, the central government significantly raised its share of government revenue vis-à-vis local governments by taking most of the newly created value-added tax on manufacturing. One aim for the adoption of the transfer-based fiscal scheme was to channel more funds to less developed regions and rural areas, and to alleviate growing interregional inequality and urban–rural income disparity. In 2002 and 2003 the Chinese central government further grabbed 50% and 60%, respectively, of the income taxes previously assigned only to local governments while providing more fiscal transfers to the country’s poor regions and the countryside. Utilising the 2002–2003 change in China’s central–local tax sharing regime as an exogenous policy shock, we employ a Simulated Instrumental Variable approach to causally evaluate the effects of the policy shock on growth, interregional inequality and urban–rural disparity. We find the lower local tax share dis-incentivised local governments and led to lower growth. Although higher central transfers helped to reduce interregional inequalities in per capita GDP and per capita income, the equalising effects were only present for urban incomes. We argue that transfer-based decentralisation without bottom-up accountability was detrimental to economic growth and had limited impact on income redistribution.

scholarly journals A SPATIAL REGRESSION APPROACH TO FDI IN VIETNAM: PROVINCE-LEVEL EVIDENCE

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (02) ◽  
pp. 459-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
BULENT ESIYOK ◽  
MEHMET UGUR
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Openness To Trade ◽  
Province Level

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into Vietnam have increased significantly in recent years and are distributed unequally between provinces. This paper aims to investigate the locational determinants of FDI in 62 Vietnamese provinces and whether spatial dependence is a significant factor that both researchers and policy-makers should take into account. We report that province-specific per-capita income, secondary education enrolment, labor costs, openness to trade, and domestic investment affect FDI directly within the province itself and have indirect effects on FDI in neighboring provinces. The direct and indirect effects coexist with spill-over effects and spatial dependence between provinces. Our findings indicate that FDI in Vietnam reflects a combination of complex vertical and export platform motivations on the part of foreign investors; and an agglomeration dynamics that may perpetuate the existing regional disparities in the distribution of FDI capital between provinces.

Analyzing China’s Provincial Environmental Emissions and Its Influencing Factors: A Spatial Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Wang ◽  
Dequn Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Environmental Emissions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Local Perspectives ◽  
Spatial Transmission

Abstract In-depth analyses of the spatial heterogeneity in environmental emissions, and the causes of differences are of great importance for contributing to provide reference for reduction policies. However, a spatial analysis of the existence and mechanism of China’s environmental emissions is still ignored. Using the province-level data of thirty provinces in China over 2005-2017, this paper constructs a spatial Durbin model (SDM) to empirically address the existence and spatial transmission mechanism of environmental emissions. The main results are as follows: first, China’s environmental emissions show significant characteristics of spatial dependence and clustering from global and local perspectives, indicating that the existence of spatial autocorrelation in environmental emissions across regions. Second, both per capita GDP and urbanization have positive impacts on environmental emissions, but the impacts of environmental regulation and FDI are insignificant. Third, urbanization not only directly influences environmental emissions, but also indirectly influences environmental emissions. Our analysis provides valuable information for developing policies to effectively alleviate pollution.

scholarly journals Model Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia: Peranan Ketergantungan Spasial

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-83
Author(s):  
Aspiansyah Aspiansyah ◽  
Arie Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Spatial Spillover ◽  
Economic Growth Model ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to examine the role of spatial dependence on Indonesia’s regional economic growth based on panel data of all provinces in Indonesia during 1990–2015. By using spatial durbin model, the authors found that spatial dependence plays an important role in achieving regional economic growth in Indonesia. Indonesia’s regional economic growth model that controls spatial dependence, yields better estimates than growth model that does not control spatial dependence. The researchers also found positive spatial spillover to Indonesia’s regional economic growth sourced from other region’s economic growth and initial per capita incomes, as well as population growth in other regions. ============================ Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan ketergantungan spasial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional Indonesia berdasarkan data panel seluruh provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 1990–2015. Dengan menggunakan model durbin spasial, penulis menemukan bahwa ketergantungan spasial berperan penting dalam pencapaian pertumbuhan ekonomi regional di Indonesia. Model pertumbuhan ekonomi regional Indonesia yang mengontrol ketergantungan spasial menghasilkan estimasi yang lebih baik daripada model pertumbuhan ekonomi regional Indonesia yang tidak mengontrol ketergantungan spasial. Peneliti jugamenemukan terjadinya spatial spillover yang positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional Indonesia yang bersumber dari pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah lain, pendapatan per kapita awal dari wilayah lain dan pertumbuhan penduduk wilayah lain.

scholarly journals The cubic water Kuznets curve: patterns of urban water consumption and water policy effects

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinjin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Curve Patterns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shaped Pattern

Utilizing panel data collected in 27 countries from 1960 to 2010, we demonstrate that the relationship between per capita urban water consumption and per capita gross domestic product exhibits an N-shaped pattern. Following the environmental Kuznets curve literature, this relationship can be named the cubic water Kuznets curve. We also demonstrate that water policies significantly influence per capita urban water consumption, which implies that appropriate policy interventions might allow developing countries to achieve economic development with less per capita water consumption.

Religion and Innovation

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Bénabou ◽  
Davide Ticchi ◽  
Andrea Vindigni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Attitudes Toward Science ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Us States ◽  
High Significance ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
And Control

In earlier work we identified a robust negative association between religiosity and patents per capita, holding across countries as well as US states. In this paper we relate 11 indicators of individual openness to innovation (e.g., attitudes toward science and technology, new versus old ideas, change, risk taking, agency, imagination, and independence in children) to 5 measures of religiosity, including beliefs and attendance. We use five waves of the World Values Survey and control for sociodemographics, country and year fixed effects. Across the 52 regressions, greater religiosity is almost uniformly associated to less favorable views of innovation, with high significance.

scholarly journals A review of pornography use research: Methodology and results from four sources

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gmeiner ◽  
Joseph Price ◽  
Michael Worley
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
State Level ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Us States ◽  
New Family ◽  
Online Pornography ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Per Capita

The widespread electronic transmission of pornography allows for a variety of new data sources to objectively measure pornography use. Recent studies have begun to use these data to rank order US states by per capita online pornography use and to identify the determinants of pornography use at the state level. The aim of this paper is to compare two previous methodologies for evaluating pornography use by state, as well as to measure online pornography use using multiple data sources. We find that state-level rankings from Pornhub.com, Google Trends, and the New Family Structures Survey are significantly correlated with each other. In contrast, we find that rankings based on data from a single large paid subscription pornography website has no significant correlation with rankings based on the other three data sources. Since so much of online pornography is accessed for free, research based solely on paid subscription data may yield misleading conclusions.

scholarly journals Spatial and spatiotemporal models of unemployment rate in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Iwona Müller-Frączek ◽  
Michał Bernard Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Exogenous Variables ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatiotemporal Models

The article show interest in modelling of economic processes which are characterized by spatial dependence. An unemployment rate indicating a level of socio-economic development of regions constitutes one of such processes. The correct quantitative description of this process, as one of more important negative socio-economic phenomena, is an important task of econometrics, in particular, of spatial econometrics. The purpose of the article is to provide a spatial analysis of the unemployment rate registered at the end of each year in Polish poviats. The research covers the period of 2004-2009. Two approaches to modelling are used - spatial and spatiotemporal. The neighbourhood matrix based on the common border of poviats is applied to reflect the strength and direction of spatial relations. There are used two exogenous variables: investments and entities of the economy recorded, both per capita. In the spatial as well as in the spatiotemporal approach the main tendencies of the change of the unemployment rate are described with a spatial linear trend. All of the received models have good economic and statistic properties and they could be used for further analysis.

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