Parenting styles revisited: A longitudinal person-oriented assessment of perceived parent behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-231
Author(s):  
Goda Kaniušonytė ◽  
Brett Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Parent Behavior ◽  
Latent Class Growth ◽  
High Support

The pernicious consequences of parent psychological control are well-established. Parenting style classification schemes, however, typically exclude this behavioral practice, focusing instead on demandingness and responsiveness. The present study applies a person-oriented approach to the classification of parenting styles, taking into account psychological control. Lithuanian adolescents (239 girls, 215 boys; M age = 15.14 at the outset) completed questionnaires at annual intervals across high school, describing parent behavioral control, support, and psychological control. Longitudinal multidimensional latent class growth analysis (LCGA) yielded four parenting style categories. Two conventional groups emerged: authoritative (highest behavioral control and support, lowest psychological control) and indulgent (high support, low behavioral control, lowest psychological control). Two additional groups emerged in lieu of an authoritarian category: enmeshed (high behavioral control and psychological control, intermediate support) and affectively controlling (highest psychological control, lowest behavioral control and support). Children of authoritative parents reported favorable adjustment on a host of indicators, including behavior problems, school engagement, character, self-esteem and interpersonal caring and connection; children of affectively controlling parents reported the poorest adjustment on all variables measured.

Relations of Collectivism Socialization Goals and Training Beliefs to Chinese Parenting

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen-Bouck ◽  
Meagan M. Patterson ◽  
Jie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Socialization Goals ◽  
Chinese Mothers ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Training

Parenting behaviors may be influenced by multiple factors, including parental values, beliefs, socialization goals, and children’s characteristics (e.g., personality, age). This study examined relations between Chinese mothers’ collectivism socialization goals and “training” beliefs and their parenting styles and behaviors with their children (youth ages 9-17 years), using structural equation modeling (SEM). In addition, in an exploratory manner, the associations between youth’s age and mothers’ parenting styles and behaviors were also explored. In all, 652 youth (female 46.2% and male 52.9%) and their mothers were recruited from urban areas in mainland China. Youth answered questionnaires about their mothers’ parenting (i.e., parenting styles, behavioral control, and psychological control), and mothers reported their endorsement of collectivism socialization goals and “training” beliefs. The findings suggest that Chinese mothers’ endorsement of collectivism socialization goals was positively associated with their authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles and behavioral control, but negatively associated with psychological control. Chinese mothers’ “training” beliefs were negatively associated with the use of behavioral control. Youth age was negatively associated with Chinese mothers’ use of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and behavioral control. Therefore, the current study suggests that mothers’ collectivism socialization goals and “training” beliefs and youth age may have an impact on parenting styles and parenting behaviors in mainland Chinese mothers.

scholarly journals Course trajectories of unipolar depressive disorders identified by latent class growth analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1383-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rhebergen ◽  
F. Lamers ◽  
J. Spijker ◽  
R. de Graaf ◽  
A. T. F. Beekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Dysthymic Disorder ◽  
Latent Class Growth Analysis ◽  
Latent Class Growth

BackgroundCurrent classification of unipolar depression reflects the idea that prognosis is essential. However, do DSM categories of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder (Dysth) and double depression (DD=MDD+Dysth) indeed adequately represent clinically relevant course trajectories of unipolar depression? Our aim was to test DSM categories (MDD, Dysth and DD) in comparison with empirically derived prognostic categories, using a prospectively followed cohort of depressed patients.MethodA large sample (n=804) of out-patients with unipolar depression were derived from a prospective cohort study, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Using latent class growth analysis (LCGA), empirically derived 2-year course trajectories were constructed. These were compared with DSM diagnoses and a wider set of putative predictors for class membership.ResultsFive course trajectories were identified, ranging from mild severity and rapid remission to high severity and chronic course trajectory. Contrary to expectations, more than 50% of Dysth and DD were allocated to classes with favorable course trajectories, suggesting that current DSM categories do not adequately represent course trajectories. The class with the most favorable course trajectory differed on several characteristics from other classes (younger age, more females, less childhood adversity, less somatic illnesses, lower neuroticism, higher extraversion). Older age, earlier age of onset and lower extraversion predicted poorest course trajectory.ConclusionsMDD, Dysth and DD did not adequately match empirically derived course trajectories for unipolar depression. For the future classification of unipolar depression, it may be wise to retain the larger, heterogeneous category of unipolar depression, adopting cross-cutting dimensions of severity and duration to further characterize patients.

scholarly journals Parenting Styles Moderate How Parent and Adolescent Beliefs Shape Each Other’s Eating and Physical Activity: Dyadic Evidence from a Cross-Sectional, U.S. National Survey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richie L Lenne ◽  
Keven Joyal-Desmarais ◽  
Rachael E. Jones ◽  
Chloe O. Huelsnitz ◽  
Mary Elizabeth Panos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Authoritative Parenting ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
Authoritative Parenting Style

Psychological theories of health behavior focus on intrapersonal influences on behavior. Greater attention to interpersonal effects and the relational contexts that regulate them has the potential to improve theory, and offer innovative strategies for intervention. This research takes a dyadic approach to understanding how parent and adolescent beliefs influence each other’s health behaviors, and how the relationship context of parent-adolescent dyads moderates these effects. Using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study (FLASHE), we analyze responses from 1,717 parent-adolescent dyads from across the U.S., and explore a dyadic extension to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). We evaluate how parenting styles that characterize each parent-adolescent dyad moderate the degree to which parents’ and adolescents’ own attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are associated with the other person’s behaviors across four domains: fruit and vegetable consumption, junk food and sugary drinks consumption, engagement in physical activity, and engagement in screen time sedentary behaviors. We find that the association between parents’ attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control and their adolescent’s eating behavior tends to be stronger when parents have an authoritative parenting style. However, we also find that the association between adolescents’ attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control and their parent’s eating behavior tends to be stronger when parents have an authoritative parenting style. These findings show the importance of context in evaluating interpersonal influence, and hold implications for health-relevant interventions.

scholarly journals Maternal Parenting Styles and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riitta Hannonen ◽  
Kaisa Aunola ◽  
Kenneth Eklund ◽  
Timo Ahonen
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Diabetes Care ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Maternal Parenting

The purpose of this study is to examine differences in parenting styles between mothers of children with type 1 diabetes and mothers of healthy children and to explore relationships between parenting styles and glycemic control of children with diabetes. Mothers of 63 children with diabetes and mothers of 83 children without diabetes reported their parenting styles using the Blocks’ Child Rearing Practices Report, when their child was 9–10 years old. Glycemic control of the children with diabetes was evaluated 1 year after diagnosis (<6 years of age) and at the time of the study (at 9–10 years). Mothers of children with diabetes used more psychological control than mothers of healthy children. Among girls with diabetes, poorer early glycemic control was associated with mothers’ subsequent greater use of psychological control. Behavioral control was positively associated with poorer current glycemic control. In boys, psychological control was positively associated with poorer current glycemic control. Psychological control in families with diabetes needs attention, because it has shown to be associated with poorer diabetes care.

scholarly journals Relación entre estilos parentales, intensidad psicopatológica y tipo de sintomatología en una muestra clínica adolescente.

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Antón San Martín ◽  
David Seguí-Durán ◽  
Laura Antón-Torre ◽  
Ana Barrera-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Externalizing Symptoms ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Control Dimension ◽  
The Relationship

An investigation was conducted to analyze the relationship between perceived parenting styles, presented intensity psychopathology and externalizing-internalizing dimensions in a clinical sample of adolescents aged 13 to 18. The results found indicate that the psychopathological intensity is associated with age, with older age and over intensity; and with female gender. Only two dimensions of perceived parenting style were found related to psychopathological intensity: psychological control negatively and humor positively. As opposed to other studies consulted, the psychological control dimension appeared linked to externalizing symptoms and not with internalizing.

The development of collaborative parenting styles across high school: Consequences for youth mental health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ciarrochi ◽  
Philip Parker ◽  
Jasper Duineveld ◽  
Baljinder K. Sahdra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High School ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Opposite Pattern

Background. How are parents perceived by their children to develop during the high school years, and what are the consequences of this development for youth well-being? Methods. Each year from Grade 8 to 12, we administered measures of parenting style and well-being across 16 schools (Time 1 M age = 13.7, SD age = .45; N = 2043; 49.6% Male). Utilizing a nonparametric algorithm for clustering developmental trajectories, we identified three profiles of change: a Stable profile (61.6%); a Collaborative-to-Coercive (19.3%) profile that involved a decrease in authoritative parenting (democratic guidance) and parental monitoring, and an increase in psychological control (coercive guidance); and a Coercive-to-Collaborative profile showing the opposite pattern (19.1%). Results. Parenting development profile uniquely predicted youth well-being, mental health, and self-esteem. This was the case even after controlling for average parenting style across highschool. The only youth who did not diminish in well-being across highschool where those who believed their parents to become increasingly collaborative. Parents with higher socio-economic status tended to become less collaborative and more coercive. Conclusion. We discuss the stage-fit model, and the benefit of parents developing their parenting style to match their young person’s increasing need for autonomy.

scholarly journals Parenting Styles

Psychology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Parenting styles reflect variations in the attitudes and practices of parents, and comprise discrete parenting behaviors. “Parenting style” refers to a cluster of parental practices that produce relatively stable and identifiable patterns in child adjustment outcomes. Parental authority is a key concept within parenting styles research, and refers to the type and extent of discipline used by parents in carrying out parental authority (i.e., behavioral control versus psychological control). Research on parenting evolved out of an increased interest in leadership styles, and particularly authoritarian personality, that emerged following World War II. The dimensions underlying leadership styles could be applied to parenting, and several researchers were simultaneously engaged in examining the dimensions underlying parenting behaviors. It was not until Diana Baumrind introduced her parenting styles typology in 1966 that research on parenting styles coalesced. Baumrind’s typology borrowed the terms authoritarian and permissive parenting from the leadership literature, and introduced the concept of authoritative parenting to the parenting research lexicon. Since its introduction, the parenting styles typology has expanded to specify two underlying dimensions of parenting that combine in various ways to result in four rather than three original types, as well as to identify a series of subtypes reflecting moderate levels of the two dimensions. This change in the typology increased its external validity, and led to an interest in examining the applicability of the typology in diverse socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and cultural groups. The typology has also been used to understand a relatively new trend in parenting, commonly referred to as helicopter parenting, and to examine its consequences for children at a variety of developmental stages, particularly during emergent adulthood. One consequence of parenting styles that has received a lot of research attention is narcissism. Baumrind’s typology continues to serve as the classic nomenclature within parenting styles research, and has dominated the parent-child research agenda, appearing in some capacity in most parenting studies to this day.

Worry and Permissive Parenting in Association with the Development of Internet Addiction in Children: A Survey Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Chuen Yee Lo ◽  
Nok Man Lai ◽  
Ting Kin Ng ◽  
Haobi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Permissive Parenting

BACKGROUND With growing accessibility and need over the past decades, the Internet has experienced a rapid increase in use globally. Specifically, with the accelerated development in information technology, more than 90% of Hong Kong’s citizens use the Internet, and 70% of children in the age group of 6-17 have daily access to it. However, despite the benefits of Internet technology, its addiction could pose serious social and health issues. Therefore, conducting research to investigate its causes and risk factors is fundamental. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the relationship between worry and Internet addiction among children in Hong Kong, and investigated the moderating effect of the permissive parenting style on such relationship. METHODS The participants consisted of 227 fourth-grade and fifth-grade students (120 males, 52.9%) from primary schools in Hong Kong with a mean age of 9.55 (SD = .58). Each participant was asked to complete the questionnaires, including the Internet Addiction Test for Internet addiction, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children for worry, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire for the permissive parenting style. RESULTS The results indicated that worry was related to greater Internet addiction among children. Furthermore, there was a moderating effect of the permissive parenting style such that the positive association between worry and Internet addiction was stronger when the permissive parenting style was higher. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that parenting styles are influential in the prevention of Internet addiction.

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