Organizational Politics, Strategic Change and the Evaluation of CAD

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Harris
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Strategic Change ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Early Adoption ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sector Analysis ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Aided Design

This paper uses a ‘case in sector’ analysis to investigate the extent to which the success criteria imposed by cost accounting constrains the ability of engineers to acquire and make effective use of computer aided design (CAD). The paper examines two periods of CAD investment in a sample of UK manufacturers. In the first ‘early adoption’ period CAD proposals were made by junior engineers on a locally initiated ‘bottom up’ basis. Proposals were made according to the dictates of conventional cost benefit analysis, engineering and accounting priorities were separate, and senior management were not involved. In the second ‘general adoption’ period there was a general uptake of CAD throughout the sector. The paper demonstrates that the evaluation of CAD was influenced not just by the rival claims of accountants and engineers, but also by long run changes in the operating environment, and by the control devices employed by senior management. The findings bear out the view of technological change as a socially negotiated process. However, it would appear that the oranizational practices associated with CAD evaluation are continually re-negotiated in the light of dynamic organizational interests and changes in the broader sectoral context.

Research on “Big Ticket” Items: Ethical Implications for Equitable Access

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Veatch
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Marrow Transplant ◽  
Public Controversy ◽  
Innovative Therapy ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Basic Care ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Therapy Cost

“Big ticket” items in medicine pose a moral puzzle. We can call it the “Coby Howard puzzle,” after the boy whose need for an expensive bone marrow transplant forced Oregonians to reassess their policy of prohibiting this and other expensive “big ticket” procedures in favor of more low-tech, apparently cost-efficient interventions. The Oregon rationing debate was stimulated by the concern that expenditures on “big ticket” medical treatments for life-threatening disease were coming at the expense of low-tech, preventive “basic” care like immunizations, wellbaby clinics, and prenatal care.Another recent example was the public controversy over expenditures of over $1,800 per day on a project to try to separate Siamese twins conjoined at the heart. The physicians, prior to the procedure, claimed there was a one percent chance of success. It was reported that 50,000 children in Philadelphia could be immunized at the cost of that innovative therapy. Cost-benefit analysis suggests that much greater good would be done in the long run if we ignored the expensive, long-shot, high-risk projects and focused on basic medical needs.

scholarly journals On the Demise of the Long Run

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy B Helfgott
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Computer Aided Manufacturing ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Aided Design

John Maynard Keynes observed that, “In the long run we are all dead,” but in terms of economic analysis, the long run also may be dead. The culprit is new technology that is wiping out many of the distinctions between the long and short run. As pointed out by Alfred Marshall a century ago, the amount of time needed to adjust to changed circumstances has been what distinguished the two runs. New technology—computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)—is likely to telescope the long run into the short run, and possibly even into the immediate market period. The key to the new technology, of course, is that it can be reprogrammed to perform a different operation, and this versatility of the new “programmable” automation distinguishes it from the old “hard” automation, in which a machine could perform only a single function.

scholarly journals INDONESIA TO HOST THE FIFA WORLD CUP? A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Hilda Masniaritta Pohan ◽  
Silvy Puspita Oktavianty
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Geographical Characteristics

Numerous studies have shown that hosting the FIFA World Cup potentially creates positive economic benefits although it costs a substantial amount of money. The biggest cost comes from infrastructure needs which are highly correlated with a country�s geographical characteristics. This research evaluates the feasibility of hosting the FIFA World Cup in Indonesia given its geographical characteristics. Using data compiled from various studies, estimation was conducted using Cost-Benefit Analysis. Results show that hosting the FIFA World Cup is not financially profitable for Indonesia. However, after accounting for potential social benefits, economic analysis suggested that in the short run, it potentially boosts tourism and income of related sectors. In the long run, benefits include acquiring top notch stadiums, provision of high quality infrastructure, training opportunities for talented young players, and exposure of Indonesia�s tourist attractions. These social benefits may outweigh the financial loss; making the hosting project economically viable.

Cost-benefit analysis of adopting the solar photovoltaic water pumping system: A case of Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Krishna Muniyoor
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The State ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government

Rajasthan, the largest state in India, occupies 10.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the country, although about two-thirds of its area is arid. The state has a predominantly agrarian economy, and agriculture is the mainstay of about two-thirds of the workforce. Interestingly, only 28 per cent of the net cultivable area in the state is irrigated, compared to the national average of 49.8 per cent. With the aim to improve irrigation facilities and increase agricultural productivity, the state government implemented the solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) in 2008-09 as an appropriate alternative to grid-connected water pumping. The aim of this paper is to assess the costs and benefits of adopting the SPVWPS using data from a field survey of 126 households. The findings show that use of the SPVWPS offers substantial benefits to adopters in the long run. In addition, government subsidy plays a major role in determining the payback period of adopters' investment in the scheme. The paper suggests that, alongside timely implementation of the scheme, the government should facilitate domestic manufacturing of solar cells and panels to fully harness social benefits of the SPVWPS.

scholarly journals The Challenges of Implementing the Indonesian Experimental Power Reactor (RDE) Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 2048 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
D S Wisnubroto ◽  
G R Sunaryo ◽  
Y S B Susilo ◽  
S Bahri ◽  
T Setiadipura
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Abstract This paper shows the effort to implement the RDE and its challenges from 2013 to 2018. RDE was a program to introduce nuclear power plants by building non-commercial power reactors. The RDE program was also used to prove that Indonesian engineers can design a reactor that will later supply electricity and steam for industry. The technology used is a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. This RDE program is a very strategic intermediate target for energy security and national sovereignty. The development of RDE-based nuclear power plants, in the long run, is expected to have implications for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, more self-sufficiency in energy supply increases national industrial capacity and competitiveness in the global economic order, as well as enhance energy and political diplomacy. Also, RDE can be a reference installation for PeLUIt (Power and Steam Generators for Industry) power plants for small and medium enterprises to meet the demand for electricity and industrial heat in an area’s needs. However, many challenges occurred to implement this program; among them were cost estimation and cost-benefit analysis. Although the program has not been realized, mainly for financial reasons, many positive things have been obtained from these activities.

scholarly journals Road Supply in Central London: Addition of an Ignored Social Cost

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid M. Rouhani ◽  
Christopher R. Knittel ◽  
Debbie Niemeier
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Land Rents ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Congestion Charging

Studies examining the social cost of driving usually ignore the opportunity cost of having roads in place: the associated land rents. Especially for geographic regions where land is valuable, including the rent costs may even lead governments to close some roads. By using the London congestion charging zone case, a more general long-run social cost curve is calculated with the addition of the rents. Based on the optimal road usage concept, this study found that including the rents in the cost/benefit analysis significantly affects the results and can increase the social cost by up to 200% and decrease the optimal road usage by 40%.

Zorgen overheidsbestedingen voor extra banen?

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Koopmans ◽  
Maikel Volkerink
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Impact

Do Government expenditures create additional jobs? Do Government expenditures create additional jobs? Government expenditures often aim at creating jobs. This article presents a simple model to predict the impact of additional government expenditures on employment. The model takes account of the availability of labour. In the long run, the labour market will tend towards equilibrium. If additional jobs are created, wages will rise, causing other jobs to disappear over time. Also, labour supply will go up.Two case studies show that the size of the effect on employment depends on the economic sectors in which employment grows, and on the business cycle. Involvement of the Netherlands in the production of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) airplane will create jobs in a tight labour market for technicians, leading to a strong displacement of other jobs. On the other hand, subsidies for investments in energy saving in buildings will create many jobs for unemployed persons.Government expenditures do not only reduce unemployment. They also increase productivity as workers move towards jobs with a higher productivity. And government expenditures involve costs. This implies that a social cost-benefit analysis is needed to get a full picture of the effects.

Fast and Accurate Fault Localization Through Effective Use of Design Schematics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankush Oberai ◽  
Rupa Kamoji ◽  
Arpan Bhattacherjee
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fault Localization ◽  
Ic Design ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Physical Layout

Abstract In modern-day semiconductor failure analysis (FA), the need for computer-aided design (CAD) has extended beyond the sole physical layout to a much larger scope of integrated circuit (IC) design data, such as the source schematic and netlist. Due to the improved accuracy of predicted failures reported by test and diagnosis tools, it has become virtually mandatory to correlate the potential failing schematic features (e.g., nets and instances) to their corresponding location on the physical-CAD layout and actual device under test (DUT). This paper covers the latest advancements of utilizing IC design schematics for fast and accurate fault localization; along with some of the most-effective methodologies for efficient root-cause analysis.

scholarly journals A Model for Cost–Benefit Analysis of Privately Owned Vehicle-to-Grid Solutions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5814
Author(s):  
Jesús Rodríguez-Molina ◽  
Pedro Castillejo ◽  
Victoria Beltran ◽  
Margarita Martínez-Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Long Run

Although the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is overall positive for the environment and for the sustainable use of resources, the extra effort that requires purchasing an EV when compared to an equivalent internal combustion engine (ICE) competitor make them less appealing from an economical point of view. In addition to that, there are other challenges in EVs (autonomy, battery, recharge time, etc.) that are non-existent in ICE vehicles. Nevertheless, the possibility of providing electricity to the power grid via vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), along with lower maintenance costs, could prove that EVs are the most economically efficient option in the long run. Indeed, enabling V2G would make EVs capable of saving some costs for their vehicle owners, thus making them a better long-term mobility choice that could trigger deep changes in habits of vehicle owners. This paper describes a cost–benefit analysis of how consumers can make use of V2G solutions, in a way that they can use their vehicle for transport purposes and obtain revenues when injecting energy into the power grid.

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