Pre-quit nicotine decreases nicotine self-administration and attenuates cue- and drug-induced reinstatement

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-371
Author(s):  
Kelly J Clemens ◽  
Angela Stuart ◽  
Stuart G Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Drug Effect ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Mini Pump

Background: Administration of smoking cessation medications in anticipation of a nominated quit date can promote abstinence. How this occurs is not widely understood, but may be due to the disruption of contingencies between smoking behaviour and acute drug effects. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore this relationship, we examined the effect of pre-quit nicotine replacement therapy on susceptibility to relapse in an animal model of nicotine dependence. Methods: Rats were trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine across 20 days. Continuous low-dose nicotine was administered via a mini-osmotic pump either across the last 7 days of self-administration and across 6 days of extinction, or across extinction only. Cue- and drug-induced reinstatements of responding were then measured with mini-pumps retained, the day after mini-pump removal or one week later. Results: Pre-quit nicotine administration markedly reduced self-administration across the last days of training as the response, and its associated cues, no longer reliably predicted an acute drug effect. Pre-quit, but not post-quit, nicotine administration significantly attenuated cue-induced reinstatement once mini-pumps were removed, indicating that the contingency disruption across training reduced the conditioned reinforcing properties of the cue at test. Both pre-quit and post-quit nicotine attenuated nicotine-primed reinstatement. Conclusions: Together these results suggest that administration of a nicotine replacement prior to a nominated quit date may enhance resistance to relapse via disruption of the contingency between a response, its associated cues, and a rewarding nicotine effect.

scholarly journals Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nicotine Administered by Patch in an Animal Model

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Kalra ◽  
Shashi P. Singh ◽  
Juan C. Pena-Philippides ◽  
Raymond J. Langley ◽  
Seddigheh Razani-Boroujerdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Nicotine Patch ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Nicotine Patches ◽  
Immunological Effects

ABSTRACT To study the immunological effects of nicotine, there are several rodent models for chronic nicotine administration. These models include subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pumps, nicotine-spiked drinking water, and self-administration via jugular cannulae. Administration of nicotine via these routes affects the immune system. Smokers frequently use nicotine patches to quit smoking, and the immunological effects of nicotine patches are largely unknown. To determine whether the nicotine patch affects the immune system, nicotine patches were affixed daily onto the backs of Lewis rats for 3 to 4 weeks. The patches efficiently raised the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and strongly inhibited the antibody-forming cell response of spleen cells to sheep red blood cells. The nicotine patch also suppressed the concanavalin A-induced T-cell proliferation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by spleen cells, as well as the fever response of animals to subcutaneous administration of turpentine. Moreover, immunosuppression was associated with chronic activation of protein tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C-γ1 activities. Thus, in this animal model of nicotine administration, the nicotine patch efficiently raises the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and impairs both the immune and inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Low dose risperidone attenuates cue-induced but not heroin-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking in an animal model of relapse

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1569-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaojun Lai ◽  
Weisheng Chen ◽  
Huaqiang Zhu ◽  
Xiaoli Zhou ◽  
Huifen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Adjunctive Therapy ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Heroin Addiction ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Locomotion Activity ◽  
Conditioned Cues

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment with risperidone on heroin self-administration and heroin-seeking behaviour induced by cues and heroin priming. Rats were trained to self-administer heroin under a fixed ratio 1 schedule for 2 wk and nose-poke responding was extinguished for 10 d, after which reinstatement of drug seeking was induced by conditioned cues or heroin priming. Acute risperidone administration at doses 10–100 µg/kg potently and dose-dependently inhibited reinstatement of conditioned cue-induced heroin seeking; the minimum dose of inhibition was 30 µg/kg. In contrast, risperidone at the same doses did not attenuate reinstatement induced by two priming doses of heroin (100 or 250 µg/kg s.c.). Risperidone at these doses failed to alter heroin self-administration and locomotion activity. These data demonstrate that acute treatment with low-dose risperidone inhibits conditioned cue-induced heroin seeking and risperidone may be an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of heroin addiction.

scholarly journals Polypharmacy and Malnutrition Management of Elderly Perioperative Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1961
Author(s):  
Eiji Kose ◽  
Hidetaka Wakabayashi ◽  
Nobuhiro Yasuno
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Anabolic Resistance ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Malnutrition, which commonly occurs in perioperative patients with cancer, leads to decreased muscle mass, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, thereby increasing the patient’s risk of various complications. Thus, the nutritional management of perioperative patients with cancer should be focused on to ensure that surgical treatment is safe and effective, postoperative complications are prevented, and mortality is reduced. Pathophysiological and drug-induced factors in elderly patients with cancer are associated with the risk of developing malnutrition. Pathophysiological factors include the effects of tumors, cachexia, and anorexia of aging. Metabolic changes, such as inflammation, excess catabolism, and anabolic resistance in patients with tumor-induced cancer alter the body’s ability to use essential nutrients. Drug-induced factors include the side effects of anticancer drugs and polypharmacy. Drug–drug, drug–disease, drug–nutrient, and drug–food interactions can significantly affect the patient’s nutritional status. Furthermore, malnutrition may affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, potentiate drug effects, and cause side effects. This review outlines polypharmacy and malnutrition, the impact of malnutrition on drug efficacy, drug–nutrient and drug–food interactions, and intervention effects on polypharmacy or cancer cachexia in elderly perioperative patients with cancer.

Myoclonus Due to Chlorambucil in Two Adults with Lymphoma

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rj Wyllie ◽  
Charles D Bayliff ◽  
Michael J Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Science Citation Index ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Citation Index ◽  
Science Citation ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Neurologic Status ◽  
Subsequent Decrease

Objective To report myoclonus due to chlorambucil therapy in two adults with lymphoma, and to review the literature of chlorambucil neurotoxicity in adults. Case Summaries Case 1: An 81-year-old man with lymphoma being treated with chlorambucil developed jerking movements and stiffness that persisted for 3 days and intensified at night. The dosage of chlorambucil was decreased with a subsequent decrease in symptomatology. Resolution of the myoclonus occurred with discontinuation of the chlorambucil. Rechallenge evoked a return of tremors the next day that later became constant and again resolved on discontinuation of chlorambucil. Case 2: A 75-year-old woman with lymphoma being treated with chlorambucil developed jerking movements in her limbs, particularly in her arms and right hip. The symptoms were so severe they prevented the patient from leaving her house. All symptoms resolved within 2–3 days after the cycle was completed and did not return. She was diagnosed as having had chlorambucil-induced myoclonus. Data Sources Searches were performed on MEDLINE, CancerLit, and Science Citation Index Review to identify reports and articles discussing chlorambucil-induced neurotoxicity, particularly myoclonus. Discussion Chlorambucil-induced myoclonus has been described in overdose situations and in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children. Three cases of reversible myoclonic activity associated with high-dose chlorambucil in adults have also been described. In each case, the myoclonus resolved following discontinuation of the drug. Only one other conclusive case of low-dose chlorambucil-induced myoclonus in an adult has been described. The two cases presented here are unique in that the myoclonus occurred in adults receiving low-dose chlorambucil who had no myoclonus before or after treatment with the drug. Conclusions From the cases reviewed, it appears that chlorambucil may induce myoclonus in adults receiving therapeutic dosages of chlorambucil. The neurologic status of patients receiving chlorambucil should be followed closely during treatment. If myoclonus develops, drug-induced myoclonus should be considered, as well as discontinuation of the drug.

Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants.

1984 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Stewart ◽  
Harriet de Wit ◽  
Roelof Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Drug Effects ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Administration

Carbamazepine-induced delayed-onset agranulocytosis in a case of bipolar disorder with Kikuchi’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e241973
Author(s):  
Cebasta Irudayaraj ◽  
Raviteja Innamuri ◽  
Dheeraj Kattula
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Kikuchi’S Disease ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Kikuchi's Disease

A 48-year-old man who is a known case of bipolar disorder was maintaining well on a combination of carbamazepine and quetiapine for 3 years until he developed fever, severe leucopenia and lymphadenopathy, along with significant loss of weight and appetite. A thorough investigation revealed Kikuchi’s disease as a likely histological diagnosis. Carbamazepine was discontinued and quetiapine was titrated for the management of psychiatric symptoms. The patient gradually made good recovery following discontinuation of carbamazepine and the diagnosis of drug-induced myelosuppression was retained. Clinicians need to be aware of the adverse effects of medications being used for long-term prophylaxis and other possible conditions that may change the course of drug effects.

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