scholarly journals Causal Understanding in Film Viewing: The Effects of Narrative Structure and Personality Traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
András B. Kovács ◽  
Orsolya Papp-Zipernovszky
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Causal Understanding ◽  
Causal Connections ◽  
Causal Thinking ◽  
Film Viewing

The aim of this research was to investigate the extent to which psychological factors interfere with conscious rational problem-solving in constructing a cinematic narrative’s causal connections during film viewing. Talk-aloud protocol was used to record subjects’ verbal reactions during watching films. Viewers’ texts were analyzed to determine the type and the quantity of causal inferences. This enabled us to determine which parts of the narratives provoked high matching of causal inferences. The results demonstrate recurring correlation between causal thinking and the personality trait openness to experience. In the second study, classical and nonclassical types of narrative were compared in terms of provoking causal inferences. The results demonstrate that classical narrative provokes significantly more causal inferences than nonclassical narrative, and that classical and nonclassical narratives rely equally on personality traits in causal construction.

scholarly journals Towards More Rigorous Personality Trait–Outcome Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mõttus
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Outcome Research ◽  
European Association ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Trait Level

Much of personality research attempts to identify causal links between personality traits and various types of outcomes. I argue that causal interpretations require traits to be seen as existentially and holistically real and the associations to be independent of specific ways of operationalizing the traits. Among other things, this means that, to the extents that causality is to be ascribed to such holistic traits, items and facets of those traits should be similarly associated with specific outcomes, except for variability in the degrees to which they reflect the traits (i.e. factor loadings). I argue that, before drawing causal inferences about personality trait–outcome associations, the presence of this condition should be routinely tested by, for example, systematically comparing the outcome associations of individual items or facets, or sampling different indicators for measuring the same purported traits. Existing evidence suggests that observed associations between personality traits and outcomes at least sometimes depend on which particular items or facets have been included in trait operationalizations, calling trait–level causal interpretations into question. However, this has rarely been considered in the literature. I argue that when outcome associations are specific to facets, they should not be generalized to traits. Furthermore, when the associations are specific to particular items, they should not even be generalized to facets. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals An fMRI investigation of the relations between Extraversion, internalizing psychopathology, and neural activation following reward receipt in the Human Connectome Project sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtland S. Hyatt ◽  
Emily S. Hallowell ◽  
Max M. Owens ◽  
Brandon M. Weiss ◽  
Lawrence H. Sweet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Internalizing Psychopathology ◽  
Human Connectome Project

Abstract Quantitative models of psychopathology (i.e., HiTOP) propose that personality and psychopathology are intertwined, such that the various processes that characterize personality traits may be useful in describing and predicting manifestations of psychopathology. In the current study, we used data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 1050) to investigate neural activation following receipt of a reward during an fMRI task as one shared mechanism that may be related to the personality trait Extraversion (specifically its sub-component Agentic Extraversion) and internalizing psychopathology. We also conducted exploratory analyses on the links between neural activation following reward receipt and the other Five-Factor Model personality traits, as well as separate analyses by gender. No significant relations (p < .005) were observed between any personality trait or index of psychopathology and neural activation following reward receipt, and most effect sizes were null to very small in nature (i.e., r < |.05|). We conclude by discussing the appropriate interpretation of these null findings, and provide suggestions for future research that spans psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis.

Effects of Teachers' Marital Status and Child's Family's Marital Status on Teachers' Ratings of a Child

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Goldstein-Hendley ◽  
Virginia Green ◽  
James R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Trait Rating

The purposes of this study were to assess whether knowledge of a child's family's marital status (divorced home/intact home/family status unknown) and/or teachers' marital status (single/divorced) would affect teachers' ratings of that child's personality traits and predicted behaviors. The study also sought to determine whether raters' marital status and knowledge of family background interacted with these teachers' ratings. The subjects were 27 married and 27 divorced teachers of preschool through Grade five. To test the hypotheses, two instruments were employed. The Personality Trait Rating Scale and the Predicted Behavior in School Scale were used by the teachers to rate behaviors of a 5-yr.-old child observed on a videotape. Knowledge of the child's family's marital status had no significant effect on teachers' ratings on either test. Teachers' own marital status had no significant effect on ratings, and no interaction was noted. Contrary to some earlier research, teachers were not biased in their ratings by knowledge of a child's family's marital status. Similarly, married teachers who had not experienced the divorce process themselves were no more positively or negatively biased in their ratings than were the divorced teachers.

scholarly journals Educational Attainment and Personality Are Genetically Intertwined

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1631-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mõttus ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Uku Vainik ◽  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Tõnu Esko
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Polygenic Scores

Heritable variance in psychological traits may reflect genetic and biological processes that are not necessarily specific to these particular traits but pertain to a broader range of phenotypes. We tested the possibility that the personality domains of the five-factor model and their 30 facets, as rated by people themselves and their knowledgeable informants, reflect polygenic influences that have been previously associated with educational attainment. In a sample of more than 3,000 adult Estonians, education polygenic scores (EPSs), which are interpretable as estimates of molecular-genetic propensity for education, were correlated with various personality traits, particularly from the neuroticism and openness domains. The correlations of personality traits with phenotypic educational attainment closely mirrored their correlations with EPS. Moreover, EPS predicted an aggregate personality trait tailored to capture the maximum amount of variance in educational attainment almost as strongly as it predicted the attainment itself. We discuss possible interpretations and implications of these findings.

Predicting social problem solving using personality traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. D’Zurilla ◽  
Alberto Maydeu-Olivares ◽  
David Gallardo-Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Social Problem Solving

Personality traits, adjectives and gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-50
Author(s):  
Heiko Motschenbacher ◽  
Eka Roivainen
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
American English ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Google Books ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
The Relationship

There have been linguistic studies on the gendering mechanisms of adjectives and psychological studies on the relationship between personality traits and gender, but the two fields have never entered into a dialogue on these issues. This article seeks to address this gap by presenting an interdisciplinary study that explores the gendering mechanisms associated with personality traits and personality trait-denoting adjectives. The findings of earlier work in this area and basic gendering mechanisms relevant to adjectives and personality traits are outlined. This is followed by a linguistic and a psychological analysis of the usage patterns of a set of personality trait adjectives. The linguistic section draws on corpus linguistics to explore the distribution of these adjectives with female, male and gender-neutral personal nouns in the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The psychological analysis relates the usage frequencies of personality trait adjectives with the nouns man, woman and person in the Google Books corpus to desirability ratings of the adjectives.

Personality and Ideology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Osborne ◽  
Nicole Satherley ◽  
Chris G. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
The Relationship

Research since the 1990s reveals that openness to experience—a personality trait that captures interest in novelty, creativity, unconventionalism, and open-mindedness—correlates negatively with political conservatism. This chapter summarizes this vast literature by meta-analyzing 232 unique samples (N = 575,691) that examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and conservatism. The results reveal that the negative relationship between openness to experience and conservatism (r = −.145) is nearly twice as big as the next strongest correlation between personality and ideology (namely, conscientiousness and conservatism; r = .076). The associations between personality traits and conservatism were, however, substantively larger in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) countries than in non-WEIRD countries. The chapter concludes by reviewing recent longitudinal work demonstrating that openness to experience and conservatism are non-causally related. Collectively, the chapter shows that openness to experience is by far the strongest (negative) correlate of conservatism but that there is little evidence that this association is causal.

scholarly journals Rasgos de personalidad y recursos psicológicos como predictores del bienestar emocional en adolescentes con y sin formación en escuelas de tauromaquia

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Pilar Sanjuan ◽  
David Guillen ◽  
Ana María Pérez-García
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Avoidance Coping ◽  
School Group

 Abstract: Personality traits and psychological resources as predictors of emotional well-being in adolescents with and without training in bullfighting schools. The main objective of this study was to analyse how being in training in bullfighting schools can affect the emotional well-being (EW), the personality and the psychological resources of adolescents. The sample consisted of 196 boys, 95 from bullfighting school group (BSG) and 101 from a control group (CG). The BSG, in relation to CG, scored significantly more on conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience, as well as on self-efficacy, problem-solving (PSC) and social support coping (SSC), and EW. The EW was predicted by feeling self-efficacy and not using avoidance coping, and in the CG by being extraverted, showing conscientiousness, being low in neuroticism, feeling self-efficacy and using PSC and SSC. It discusses the psychological adaptive profile of adolescents in the BSG and the need to promote well-being in adolescence through the promotion of self-efficacy and active coping.Resumen: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar cómo la formación en escuelas de tauromaquia puede afectar al bienestar emocional (BE), la personalidad y los recursos psicológicos de los adolescentes. Participaron 196 chicos, 95 del grupo de escuelas taurinas (GET) y 101 del grupo control (GC). El GET, en relación con el GC, puntuaba significativamente más en tesón, afabilidad y apertura, así como en autoeficacia, afrontamiento de solución de problemas (ASP) y basado en los demás (AD), y BE. El BE se predecía en el GET por sentirse eficaz y no usar el afrontamiento de evitación, y en el GC por ser extravertido, mostrar tesón, ser bajo en neuroticismo, sentirse eficaz y emplear el ASP y AD. Se discute sobre el perfil psicológico adaptativo que presentan los adolescentes del GET y la necesidad de promover el bienestar en la adolescencia mediante el fomento de la autoeficacia y el afrontamiento activo.

scholarly journals Aggressive, Tense or Shy? Identifying Personality Traits from Crowd Videos

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniket Bera ◽  
Tanmay Randhavane ◽  
Dinesh Manocha
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
User Study ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
High Density ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Classification Criterion ◽  
Trait Theory

We present a real-time algorithm to automatically classify the behavior or personality of a pedestrian based on his or her movements in a crowd video. Our classification criterion is based on Personality Trait theory. We present a statistical scheme that dynamically learns the behavior of every pedestrian and computes its motion model. This model is combined with global crowd characteristics to compute the movement patterns and motion dynamics and use them for crowd prediction. Our learning scheme is general and we highlight its performance in identifying the personality of different pedestrians in low and high density crowd videos. We also evaluate the accuracy by comparing the results with a user study.

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