The effects of a short-term music program on preschool children’s executive functions

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Bugos ◽  
Darlene DeMarie
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Music Program ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Inhibition Performance ◽  
Preschool Music

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a short-term preschool music program with creativity, bimanual gross motor training, and vocal development on preschool children’s inhibition. Inhibition is the key factor in preschool children’s executive functions development between 3–5 years. Thirty-six preschool children were randomly assigned to music or Lego training, a comparable control task. We administered neuropsychological measures pre- and post-training. Results of a repeated measures ANOVA on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), a task requiring inhibition and visual discrimination, indicated a significant time by group interaction, with fewer errors committed post-training by the music group compared to controls. However, only a main effect of time was found for the second inhibition task, the Day/Night Stroop Task, a task requiring inhibition of a dominant verbal response. Music training in early childhood that includes an emphasis on bimanual coordination in gross motor movements may contribute to enhanced inhibition performance on complex tasks.

Objective assessment of nasal resistance among electronic cigarette users

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
S W Lim ◽  
AB Zulkiflee
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nasal Airway Resistance

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes have been a popular alternative to tobacco smoking. The effect of tobacco smoking on nasal airway resistance has been investigated before; however, the effect of the aerosol generated by electronic cigarettes is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of e-cigarettes on nasal airway resistance. Methods Sixty-one participants were recruited into a vapers group and a control group. The vapers group was instructed to smoke for 5 minutes, and their nasal resistance was measured pre-procedure and at 1 and 5 minutes post-procedure. The results were compared between both groups. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that vaping has no statistically significant effect on total nasal airway resistance. Conclusion Although the differences between both groups were not statistically significant overall, the vapers group showed a reduction in nasal airway resistance in the short term.

Comparing Performance Across In-person and Videoconference-Based Administrations of Common Neuropsychological Measures in Community-Based Survivors of Stroke

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jodie E. Chapman ◽  
Betina Gardner ◽  
Jennie Ponsford ◽  
Dominique A. Cadilhac ◽  
Renerus J. Stolwyk
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures

Abstract Objective: Neuropsychological assessment via videoconference could assist in bridging service access gaps due to geographical, mobility, or infection control barriers. We aimed to compare performances on neuropsychological measures across in-person and videoconference-based administrations in community-based survivors of stroke. Method: Participants were recruited through a stroke-specific database and community advertising. Stroke survivors were eligible if they had no upcoming neuropsychological assessment, concurrent neurological and/or major psychiatric diagnoses, and/or sensory, motor, or language impairment that would preclude standardised assessment. Thirteen neuropsychological measures were administered in-person and via videoconference in a randomised crossover design (2-week interval). Videoconference calls were established between two laptop computers, facilitated by Zoom. Repeated-measures t tests, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland–Altman plots were used to compare performance across conditions. Results: Forty-eight participants (26 men; M age = 64.6, SD = 10.1; M time since stroke = 5.2 years, SD = 4.0) completed both sessions on average 15.8 (SD = 9.7) days apart. For most measures, the participants did not perform systematically better in a particular condition, indicating agreement between administration methods. However, on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised, participants performed poorer in the videoconference condition (Total Recall Mdifference = −2.11). ICC estimates ranged from .40 to .96 across measures. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence that in-person and videoconference assessment result in comparable scores for most neuropsychological tests evaluated in mildly impaired community-based survivors of stroke. This preliminary evidence supports teleneuropsychological assessment to address service gaps in stroke rehabilitation; however, further research is needed in more diverse stroke samples.

scholarly journals Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Riding for Children with Cerebral Palsy Gross Motor Functions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Žalienė ◽  
D. Mockevičienė ◽  
B. Kreivinienė ◽  
A. Razbadauskas ◽  
Ž. Kleiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Function ◽  
Group I

Aim. To evaluate the effects of riding for beginners (short-term) and advanced (long-term) riders with cerebral palsy on their whole mobility. The study involved 15 subjects (two girls and eleven boys). The subjects were aged from 3 to 19 years (8.73 years ± 5.85). All of the subjects had been diagnosed with a spastic form of cerebral palsy. The duration of the participation differed as follows: the advanced subjects had been riding for 1-4 years (2.66 years ± 1.16), while the beginners have been riding for two weeks (10 sessions). Group I (advanced riders) consisted of eight subjects (7 boys and 1 girl) who had therapy sessions regularly once a week and differed only in terms of the duration of their participation in the experiment. Group II (beginners) consisted of seven children (1 girl and 6 boys) who participated in only 10 riding sessions. All of the subjects were assessed according to the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and Gross Motor Function Classification System for CP (GMFCS) both before the investigation and after it. Conclusions. Ten riding lessons did not have an influence on the beginner riders with cerebral palsy gross motor functions and their gross motor function level did not change. However, in half of the advanced riders with cerebral palsy, the gross motor functions significantly improved. Meanwhile, the level of the performance of the gross motor skills in the four advanced riders increased, but this difference was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals How big is the influence of biogenic silicon pools on short-term changes in water-soluble silicon in soils? Implications from a study of a 10-year-old soil–plant system

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 5239-5252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Puppe ◽  
Axel Höhn ◽  
Danuta Kaczorek ◽  
Manfred Wanner ◽  
Marc Wehrhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Calamagrostis Epigejos ◽  
Biogenic Silicon ◽  
Future Work

Abstract. The significance of biogenic silicon (BSi) pools as a key factor for the control of Si fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems has been recognized for decades. However, while most research has been focused on phytogenic Si pools, knowledge of other BSi pools is still limited. We hypothesized that different BSi pools influence short-term changes in the water-soluble Si fraction in soils to different extents. To test our hypothesis we took plant (Calamagrostis epigejos, Phragmites australis) and soil samples in an artificial catchment in a post-mining landscape in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. We quantified phytogenic (phytoliths), protistic (diatom frustules and testate amoeba shells) and zoogenic (sponge spicules) Si pools as well as Tiron-extractable and water-soluble Si fractions in soils at the beginning (t0) and after 10 years (t10) of ecosystem development. As expected the results of Tiron extraction showed that there are no consistent changes in the amorphous Si pool at Chicken Creek (Hühnerwasser) as early as after 10 years. In contrast to t0 we found increased water-soluble Si and BSi pools at t10; thus we concluded that BSi pools are the main driver of short-term changes in water-soluble Si. However, because total BSi represents only small proportions of water-soluble Si at t0 (< 2 %) and t10 (2.8–4.3 %) we further concluded that smaller (< 5 µm) and/or fragile phytogenic Si structures have the biggest impact on short-term changes in water-soluble Si. In this context, extracted phytoliths (> 5 µm) only amounted to about 16 % of total Si contents of plant materials of C. epigejos and P. australis at t10; thus about 84 % of small-scale and/or fragile phytogenic Si is not quantified by the used phytolith extraction method. Analyses of small-scale and fragile phytogenic Si structures are urgently needed in future work as they seem to represent the biggest and most reactive Si pool in soils. Thus they are the most important drivers of Si cycling in terrestrial biogeosystems.

scholarly journals Effect of Carnatic Music Listening Training on Speech in Noise Performance in Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Raksha Amemane ◽  
Archana Gundmi ◽  
Kishan Madikeri Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Noise Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Carnatic Music ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Background and Objectives: Music listening has a concomitant effect on structural and functional organization of the brain. It helps in relaxation, mind training and neural strengthening. In relation to it, the present study was aimed to find the effect of Carnatic music listening training (MLT) on speech in noise performance in adults.Subjects and Methods: A total of 28 participants (40-70 years) were recruited in the study. Based on randomized control trial, they were divided into intervention and control group. Intervention group underwent a short-term MLT. Quick Speech-in-Noise in Kannada was used as an outcome measure.Results: Results were analysed using mixed method analysis of variance (ANOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA. There was a significant difference between intervention and control group post MLT. The results of the second continuum revealed no statistically significant difference between post training and follow-up scores in both the groups.Conclusions: In conclusion short-term MLT resulted in betterment of speech in noise performance. MLT can be hence used as a viable tool in formal auditory training for better prognosis.

The Relationship between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Frierman ◽  
Robert S. Weinberg ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: to determine if individuals who were assigned specific, difficult goals perform better than those assigned “do your best” goals, and to examine the importance of goal proximity (longterm vs. short-term) on bowling performance. Subjects were 72 students enrolled in two beginning bowling courses at a 4-year university. They were matched according to baseline bowling averages and then randomly assigned to one of four goal-setting conditions. A 4 × 5 (Goal Condition × Trials) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor revealed a significant goal condition main effect, with the long-term goal group improving more than the do-your-best group. No other performance comparisons reached significance. Questionnaire data revealed that subjects in all three numerical goal conditions rated their level of confidence significantly higher than the do-your-best goal group in Week 1, but the long-term goal group displayed a significantly higher level of confidence than the other three goal groups in Week 4. All other questions indicated that all groups tried hard and were committed to and accepted their goals.

Short-Term Test–Retest Reliability of Contralateral Suppression of Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Normal-Hearing Subjects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hannah Keppler ◽  
Sofie Degeest ◽  
Bart Vinck
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Reliability Parameters ◽  
Contralateral Suppression ◽  
Short Term Test ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Purpose The objective of the current study was to investigate the short-term test–retest reliability of contralateral suppression (CS) of click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) using commercially available otoacoustic emission equipment. Method Twenty-three young normal-hearing subjects were tested. An otoscopic evaluation, admittance measures, pure-tone audiometry, measurements of CEOAEs without and with contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS) to determine CS were performed at baseline ( n = 23), an immediate retest without and with refitting of the probe (only CS of CEOAEs; n = 11), and a retest after 1 week ( n = 23) were performed. Test–retest reliability parameters were determined on CEOAE response amplitudes without and with CAS, and on raw and normalized CS indices between baseline and the other test moments. Results Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated no random or systematic changes in CEOAE response amplitudes without and with CAS, and in raw and normalized CS indices between the test moments. Moderate-to-high intraclass correlation coefficients with mostly high significant between-subjects variability between baseline and each consecutive test moment were found for CEOAE response amplitude without and with CAS, and for the raw and normalized CS indices. Other reliability parameters deteriorated between CEOAE response amplitudes with CAS as compared to without CAS, between baseline and retest with probe refitting, and after 1 week, as well as for frequency-specific raw and normalized CS indices as compared to global CS indices. Conclusions There was considerable variability in raw and normalized CS indices as measured using CEOAEs with CAS using commercially available otoacoustic emission equipment. More research is needed to optimize the measurement of CS of CEOAEs and to reduce influencing factors, as well as to make generalization of test–retest reliability data possible.

scholarly journals Duration of Prebiotic Intake Is a Key-Factor for Diet-Induced Modulation of Immunity and Fecal Fermentation Products in Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1916
Author(s):  
Mariana P. Perini ◽  
Mariana F. Rentas ◽  
Raquel Pedreira ◽  
Andressa R. Amaral ◽  
Rafael V. A. Zafalon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Statistical Analysis System ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Analysis System

Prebiotics promote health benefits, however, there is no consensus on the minimal intake period required in order to obtain good results. This study evaluated the effect of the time of ingestion of prebiotics on fecal fermentation products and immunological features in dogs. Twenty-four adult dogs were randomly distributed in a block design with six groups and four treatments. Diet and intake period were variation factors. Diets were either a control diet without the addition of prebiotic (CO) or with the inclusion of 1% of a commercial product containing a minimum of 0.38% galactooligosaccharides (GOS), 0.5% (B1) or 1% (B2) of a prebiotic blend. Time variable was set at 30 and 60 days for evaluation of immunity and gut health. Results were analyzed in the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS), version 9.4, considering the repeated measures over time design, and means were compared by the Tukey test and p < 0.05 was significant. Propionic acid was the only variable that had an interaction effect, with reduction of this metabolite in treatment B2 in the period of 60 days. At T60, concentrations of immunoglobulin A, lactic acid, and pH in the feces increased (p < 0.05) in all treatments regardless of prebiotic inclusion or not. GOS increased fecal score and lactic acid concentrations. Therefore, a 60-day intake period of a prebiotic blend was not sufficient to modulate fecal and immune variables and higher concentrations of a single prebiotic would be more relevant for results.

scholarly journals P.023 Eculizumab shows consistent improvements across muscle groups in patients with AChR antibody-positive refractory myasthenia gravis

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (s1) ◽  
pp. S19-S20
Author(s):  
S Larue ◽  
R Mantegazza ◽  
KP Fujita ◽  
F O’Brien ◽  
JF Howard
Keyword(s):  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Sustained Improvement ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Efficacy Measure ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Consistent Response ◽  
Anti Acetylcholine

Background: The physician-reported Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) test was a key efficacy measure in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, placebo-controlled study of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalized MG. Ocular and generalized weakness have shown variable responses to therapies including prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulin/plasma exchange. Using the patient-reported MG Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) scale during REGAIN, eculizumab showed a consistent trend toward rapid and sustained improvement across bulbar, respiratory, limb and ocular domains. We analyzed the effect of eculizumab on bulbar, respiratory, gross motor and ocular domains during REGAIN, using the QMG test. Methods: QMG domain score changes to REGAIN week 26 were determined for patients with abnormal baseline scores. Repeated-measures analyses were performed for bulbar (swallowing/speech), respiratory (forced vital capacity), gross motor (limb/axial motor items) and ocular (ocular/facial muscles) domains. Results: Eculizumab-treated patients showed improvements in all four QMG domain scores to week 26. Rapid, sustained improvements were demonstrated across all domains, with a trend toward significant differences between eculizumab and placebo (bulbar, p=0.0628; respiratory, p=0.0682; gross motor, p=0.0114; ocular, p=0.0017). The eculizumab safety profile was consistent with previous reports. Conclusions: Eculizumab demonstrated a consistent response across all QMG muscle domains. This aligns with previously reported MG-ADL findings with eculizumab. (NCT01997229).

scholarly journals Adjustable sockets may improve residual limb fluid volume retention in transtibial prosthesis users

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob T Brzostowski ◽  
Brian G Larsen ◽  
Robert T Youngblood ◽  
Marcia A Ciol ◽  
Brian J Hafner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Residual Limb ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transtibial Prosthesis ◽  
Activity Cycles ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Volume Retention ◽  
Intervention Condition

Background: Loss of residual limb volume degrades socket fit and may require accommodation. Objectives: To examine if either of two accommodation strategies executed during resting, socket release with full socket size return and socket release with partial socket size return, enhanced limb fluid volume retention during subsequent activity. Study design: Two repeated-measures experiments were conducted to assess the effects of socket release on limb fluid volume retention. Methods: Limb fluid volume was monitored while participants wore a socket with a single adjustable panel. Participants performed eight activity cycles that each included 10 min of sitting and 2 min of walking. The socket’s posterior panel and pin lock were released during the fifth cycle while participants were sitting. In one experiment (Full Return), the socket was returned to its pre-release size; in a second experiment (Partial Return), it was returned to 102% of its pre-release size. Short-term and long-term limb fluid volume retention were calculated and compared to a projected, No Intervention condition. Results: Partial Return and Full Return short-term retentions and Partial Return long-term retention were greater than those projected under the control condition ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Socket release during resting after activity, particularly when the socket is returned to a slightly larger size, may be an effective accommodation strategy to reduce fluid volume loss in transtibial prosthesis users. Clinical relevance This study suggests that existing prosthetic technologies’ adjustable sockets and locking pin tethers can be used in novel ways to help maintain residual limb fluid volume in active prosthesis users.

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