An Alternative Technology for the Manufacture of Rubber Articles from Motor Vehicle Tyre Recycling Products

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-170
Author(s):  
V.F. Kablov ◽  
A.V. Perfil'ev ◽  
V.P. Shabanova ◽  
A.A. Perfil'ev
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Powder Technology ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Alternative Technology

The prospects of using powder technology to manufacture rubber articles and the features of different variants of powder technology using powder and block rubbers are considered. Examples of the practical use of powder technology at enterprises of the rubber industry are given. Powder press technology for the manufacture of rubber articles from rubber crumbs obtained by recycling used tyres is presented. Variants for the activation of composites to be pressed are examined. It is shown that the use of microwave radiation to activate rubber crumbs directly before the manufacture of articles from them makes it possible to produce products with improved properties. The strength of vulcanisates obtained from rubber crumbs activated by microwave radiation is 30% higher owing to the fact that, in the case of microwave heating, the rubber crumbs are heated evenly throughout the article and there is a considerable reduction in the vulcanisation time. Powder press technology is recommended for the manufacture of various moulded rubber articles at small enterprises not possessing standard rubber mixers.

scholarly journals Microwaves and Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review on Selected Catalytic Processes

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Palma ◽  
Daniela Barba ◽  
Marta Cortese ◽  
Marco Martino ◽  
Simona Renda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Natural Choice ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Since the late 1980s, the scientific community has been attracted to microwave energy as an alternative method of heating, due to the advantages that this technology offers over conventional heating technologies. In fact, differently from these, the microwave heating mechanism is a volumetric process in which heat is generated within the material itself, and, consequently, it can be very rapid and selective. In this way, the microwave-susceptible material can absorb the energy embodied in the microwaves. Application of the microwave heating technique to a chemical process can lead to both a reduction in processing time as well as an increase in the production rate, which is obtained by enhancing the chemical reactions and results in energy saving. The synthesis and sintering of materials by means of microwave radiation has been used for more than 20 years, while, future challenges will be, among others, the development of processes that achieve lower greenhouse gas (e.g., CO2) emissions and discover novel energy-saving catalyzed reactions. A natural choice in such efforts would be the combination of catalysis and microwave radiation. The main aim of this review is to give an overview of microwave applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, including the preparation of catalysts, as well as explore some selected microwave assisted catalytic reactions. The review is divided into three principal topics: (i) introduction to microwave chemistry and microwave materials processing; (ii) description of the loss mechanisms and microwave-specific effects in heterogeneous catalysis; and (iii) applications of microwaves in some selected chemical processes, including the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.

Methods of temperature measurement in microwave heating technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Boris A. Lapshinov
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Processed Material ◽  
Spectral Pyrometry

In industrial technological processes associated with the heating of the processed material by microwave radiation, it is necessary to measure the temperatures of objects. Methods for measuring temperatures in the fields of technology using microwave heating systems are considered. The main possibilities, disadvantages and limitations of the used contact and non-contact (optical) measurement methods are determined. The requirements for temperature measurement systems under conditions of exposure to strong electromagnetic fields are listed. The possibilities of the spectral pyrometry method are especially noted.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS OF 3-TERT-BUTYL-9-R-PYRIMIDO[4,5:3,4]PYRAZOLO[5,1-C][1,2,4]TRIAZINE-4(6H),11(10H)- DIONES AT CONDITIONS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Lyudmila M. Mironovich ◽  
Pavel V. Afanas'yev ◽  
Anna Yu. Podol’nikova
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Reaction Kinetic ◽  
Kinetic Characteristics ◽  
Tert Butyl

3-tert-butyl-9-R-pyrimido[4’,5’:3,4]pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-4(6H),11(10H)-diones was synthesized at the conditions of microwave radiation. The reaction kinetic characteristics were obtained under conditions of thermal and microwave heating.

Formulation for Continuous Vulcanization in Microwave Heating Systems

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 294-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ippen
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Microwave Curing ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
New Development ◽  
Curing Method

Abstract For a number of years the rubber industry has been trying to make its processes as continuous as possible. Techniques which dispense with interruptions are particularly desirable in the production of strip and hose, for extrusion is a continuous process whose interruption for the purpose of enabling the goods to be cured is both illogical and unsatisfactory. Several continuous vulcanization methods, such as the use of hot air and the liquid curing method, are receiving attention. A new development in this field is the use of microwave for vulcanization. Microwave curing is a valuable supplement to other continuous vulcanization methods, in comparison with which it offers advantages in some respects.

Synthesis and Study of Nanostructures Via Microwave Heating

2004 ◽  
Vol 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oxana V. Kharissova ◽  
Eder Zavala ◽  
Ubaldo Ortíz ◽  
Jorge L. Hernández-Piñero ◽  
Stanislav Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Condensed Material ◽  
Silicon Based

AbstractThis work is devoted to microwave heating of graphite, sucrose, calcined sucrose, and a mixture of graphite with sucrose to produce carbon nanotubes (CNT's). The samples were submitted to microwave radiation (power 800W, frequency 2.45 GHz) in air and high vacuum (10−5Torr) for 30 – 60 min. The oven temperature was approximately 1200°C. After vaporization the condensed material was collected on various fused silica targets (different morphologies were used). The samples were found to contain a significant proportion of nanotubes, nanoparticles and fibers (1-2.8 micrometers), which appeared to be highly graphitized and helical structured. After deposition, the morphology of carbon nanotubes was studied with SEM, TEM and AFM techniques. It was observed that multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT's) were produced by this method. The morphology of fused silicon based substrates (SiO2, SiC) was studied as an important factor for the growth of carbon nanotubes. Many aspects as the size and shape of the obtained nanotubes on different substrates (porous and non-porous fused silicon substrates) were achieved, as well as the concentration of them across the substrate and other properties.

scholarly journals Study of Microwave Heating Effect in the Behaviour of Graphene as Second Phase in Ceramic Composites

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rut Benavente ◽  
María Dolores Salvador ◽  
Alba Centeno ◽  
Beatriz Alonso ◽  
Amaia Zurutuza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Mechanical Reinforcement ◽  
High Dielectric ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Carbon Materials

The choice of the right material is essential in microwave processing. The carbon materials are good microwave absorbers, which allows them to be transformed by microwave heating into new carbon materials with adapted properties, capable of heating other materials indirectly. In this paper, the microwave heating of graphene as reinforcement of the lithium aluminosilicate (LAS) ceramics has been explored. LAS ceramics have a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion and exhibit an effective and efficient heating by microwave. Nevertheless, we have found that the graphene did not show any significant response to the microwave radiation and, hence, the interaction as mechanical reinforcement with the LAS material is harmful. The possible benefits of graphene materials to microwave technology are widely known; however, the mechanism involved in the interaction of microwave radiation with ceramic-graphene composites with high dielectric loss factors has not been addressed earlier.

Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Castor Oil under Microwave Radiation

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yuan ◽  
Bolun Yang ◽  
Hailiang Zhang ◽  
Xiaowei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

The castor oil was adopted to synthesize biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME) under microwave radiation. Acid catalysts (NaHSO4•H2O and AlCl3) and heterogeneous base catalyst (Na2CO3) were evaluated in the present study. The amounts of FAME in the product were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Experimental results show that the microwave radiation was an efficient method to enhance the reaction process. When the transesterification was carried out at 338 K, with 18:1 molar ratio of methanol to castor oil, 7.5wt% mass ratio of catalyst to castor oil, 200w microwave radiation power and 120 minutes reaction time, yields of 74, 73, 90% were obtained respectively using catalysts of NaHSO4•H2O, AlCl3 and Na2CO3. The energy consumed by microwave heating and conventional heating in transesterification were measured, and the results showed that the microwave heating consumed less energy than the conventional heating to achieve the same amount of FAME.

Microwave Heating of Metallic Powders

2009 ◽  
Vol 152-153 ◽  
pp. 385-388
Author(s):  
Vasiliy D. Buchelnikov ◽  
D.V. Lousguine-Luzgin ◽  
Igor V. Bychkov ◽  
A.P. Anzulevich
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Metallic Powder ◽  
Metallic Powders

It is known from experimental data that bulk metallic samples reflect microwaves while powdered samples can absorb such radiation and be heated efficiently. In the present paper we investigate theoretically the mechanisms of penetration of microwave radiation through a layer of metallic powder and microwave heating of such system.

Comparative study and simulation of tumor cell inactivation by microwave and conventional heating

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1893-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Rosin ◽  
Michael Hader ◽  
Corinna Drescher ◽  
Magdalena Suntinger ◽  
Thorsten Gerdes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Inactivation Rate ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cell Inactivation

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate in a self-designed closed loop reactor process conditions for thermal inactivation of B16 melanoma cells by microwave and conventional heating.Design/methodology/approachBesides control experiments (37°C), inactivation rate was determined in the range from 42°C to 46°C. Heating was achieved either by microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz or by warm water. To distinguish viable from dead cells, AnnexinV staining method was used and supported by field effect scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging. Furthermore, numerical simulations were done to get a closer look into both heating devices. To investigate the thermal influence on cell inactivation and the differences between heating methods, a reaction kinetics approach was added as well.FindingsControl experiments and heating at 42°C resulted in low inactivation rates. Inactivation rate at 44°C remained below 12% under conventional, whereas it increased to >70% under microwave heating. At 46°C, inactivation rate attained 68% under conventional heating; meanwhile, even 88% were determined under microwave heating. FE-SEM images showed a porous membrane structure under microwave heating in contrast to mostly intact conventional heated cells. Numerical simulations of both heating devices and a macroscopic Arrhenius approach could not sufficiently explain the observed differences in inactivation.Originality/valueA combination of thermal and electrical effects owing to microwave heating results in higher inactivation rates than conventional heating achieves. Nevertheless, it was not possible to determine the exact mechanisms of inactivation under microwave radiation.

scholarly journals Progress in the Production of Biogas from Maize Silage after Acid-Heat Pretreatment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8018
Author(s):  
Anna Nowicka ◽  
Marcin Zieliński ◽  
Marcin Dębowski ◽  
Magda Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Anaerobic Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Methane Fermentation

One of the most effective technologies involving the use of lignocellulosic biomass is the production of biofuels, including methane-rich biogas. In order to increase the amount of gas produced, it is necessary to optimize the fermentation process, for example, by substrate pretreatment. The present study aimed to analyze the coupled effects of microwave radiation and the following acids: phosphoric(V) acid (H3PO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric(VI) acid (H2SO4), on the destruction of a lignocellulosic complex of maize silage biomass and its susceptibility to anaerobic degradation in the methane fermentation process. The study compared the effects of plant biomass (maize silage) disintegration using microwave and conventional heating; the criterion differentiating experimental variants was the dose of acid used, i.e., 10% H3PO4, 10% HCl, and 10% H2SO4 in doses of 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 g/gTS. Microwave heating caused a higher biogas production in the case of all acids tested (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4). The highest biogas volume, exceeding 1800 L/kgVS, was produced in the variant with HCl used at a dose of 0.4 g/gTS.

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