Phase transitions as a cause of economic development

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Emanuel Andersson ◽  
Åke E. Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Location Patterns ◽  
Production Techniques

Economic development spans centuries and continents. Underlying infrastructural causes of development, such as institutions and networks, are subject to slow but persistent change. Accumulated infrastructural changes eventually become so substantial that they trigger a phase transition. Such transitions disrupt the prior conditions for economic activities and network interdependencies, requiring radically transformed production techniques, organizations and location patterns. The interplay of economic equilibria and structural changes requires a theoretical integration of the slow time scale of infrastructural change and the fast time scale of market equilibration. This paper presents a theory that encompasses both rapidly and slowly changing variables and illustrates how infrequent phase transitions caused four logistical revolutions in Europe over the past millennium.

A New Model for Long-Term Stochastic Analysis and Prediction—Part I: Theoretical Background

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
G. A. Athanassoulis ◽  
P. B. Vranas ◽  
T. H. Soukissian
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Random Function ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Time History ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Elevation ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Slow Time

A new approach for calculating the long-term statistics of sea waves is proposed. A rational long-term stochastic model is introduced which recognizes that the wave climate at a given site in the ocean consists of a random succession of individual sea states, each sea state possessing its own duration and intensity. This model treats the sea-surface elevation as a random function of a "fast" time variable, and the time history of the spectral characteristics of the successive sea states as a random function of a "slow" time variable. By developing an appropriate conceptual framework, it becomes possible to express various probabilistic characteristics of the sea-surface elevation, which are sensible only in the fast-time scale, in terms of the statistics of sea-states duration and intensity, which is meaningful only in the slow-time scale. As an example, we study the random quantity MU(T) = "number of maxima of the sea-surface elevation lying above the level u and occurring during a long-term time period [0,T]." Exploiting the proposed framework, it is shown that, under certain clearly defined assumptions, Mu(T) can be given the structure of a renewal-reward (cumulative) process, whose interarrival times correspond to the duration of successive sea states. Thus, using renewal theory, the complete characterization of the probability structure of MU(T) is obtained. As a consequence, the long-term probability distribution function of the individual wave height is rigorously defined and calculated. The relation of the present results with corresponding ones previously obtained is thoroughly discussed. The proposed model can be extended twofold: either by replacing some of the simplifying assumptions by more realistic ones, or by extending the model for treating the corresponding problems for ship and structures responses.

Parameter Estimation in a Nonlinear Vibrating System Using an Observer for an Extended System

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindya Chatterjee ◽  
Joseph P. Cusumano
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Asymptotic Methods ◽  
System Response ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Lipschitz Continuous

Abstract We present a new observer-based method for parameter estimation for nonlinear oscillatory mechanical systems where the unknown parameters appear linearly (they may each be multiplied by bounded and Lipschitz continuous but otherwise arbitrary, possibly nonlinear, functions of the oscillatory state variables and time). The oscillations in the system may be periodic, quasiperiodic or chaotic. The method is also applicable to systems where the parameters appear nonlinearly, provided a good initial estimate of the parameter is available. The observer requires measurements of displacements. It estimates velocities on a fast time scale, and the unknown parameters on a slow time scale. The fast and slow time scales are governed by a single small parameter ϵ. Using asymptotic methods including the method of averaging, it is shown that the observer’s estimates of the unknown parameters converge like e−ϵt where t is time, provided the system response is such that the coefficient-functions of the unknown parameters are not close to being linearly dependent. It is also shown that the method is robust in that small errors in the model cause small errors in the parameter estimates. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Reaching the New Tourist Through Creativity

2022 ◽  
pp. 231-245
Author(s):  
Christian Stipanović ◽  
Elena Rudan ◽  
Vedran Zubović
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Opening Up

In today's modern world, creative expression is opening up new dimensions of business and new opportunities for economic development. One field of economic activities in which this is evident is tourism. Creativity in tourist destinations can be viewed in different ways, for example, through creative action (undertaken by destination management, residents, entrepreneurs, and tourists) and through creative spaces and creative events. Creativity plays a vital role in all elements involved in the creation of a destination's offering, regardless of which form of tourism is the focus of development efforts. Given the growing role of self-actualisation of individuals in society and the displaying of social status, creativity has in the past 20 years begun to positively impact on economy activities taking place in tourist destinations. Creativity is especially important in developing cultural tourism in all its sub-types, where it is seen as a means of animating and adding value to cultural heritage locations.

scholarly journals Enhancing Singapore's Competitiveness: Some Fundamental Rethinking

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Khee Giap ◽  
Chen Kang
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulatory Costs ◽  
Regional Competition

Singapore's economy faces some major concerns resulting from intensified regional competition and the transformation from being investment-driven to innovation-driven. This paper examines (1) the accumulation and utilization of huge government surpluses in the past 40 years; (2) the country's total cost structure (e.g., land, wages, and regulatory costs); (3) the relationships among small and medium-sized enterprises, government-linked companies, and multinational corporations; and (4) the product and market diversification that is needed to mitigate the impacts on unemployment resulting from structural changes and the transition from manufacturing to services. Singapore's comparative and competitive advantages as a strategic hub of economic activities in Asia are examined and policy recommendations are put forward.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SECTORAL EMPLOYMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Iv. Stoycheva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Specific Influence

Structural changes in employment, that are a result from the specific influence of structure determining factors are viewed as changes with time in the proportions of the economic system. The opportunities for the development of one or another sector or region are the result of favourable changes in the structures. At the same time, the formation of objective conditions for favourable economic structural changes is an effective tool for the economic development of a certain sector, which provides more appropriate adjustment of economic structures to the requirements of time. This study aims at exploring structural changes in employment by sector (according to the Classification of the Economic Activities of Bulgaria-2008) through integrated and aggregated measures. The registering of these changes makes tracking the trends in economic development, the intensity of the changes and the unevenness in the distribution of resources between sectors possible. On this basis, there can be drawn guidelines to improve the distribution in the sectoral employment, by setting out priority actions for increasing the efficiency of the use of labour resources.

DYNAMICS OF COUPLED DAHL TYPE AND NONSMOOTH SYSTEMS AT DIFFERENT SCALES OF TIME

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 1350114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. TURE SAVADKOOHI ◽  
C.-H. LAMARQUE
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Coupled Oscillators ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
Fast Time Scale ◽  
Nonsmooth Systems ◽  
Main System ◽  
Nonsmooth Potential

Vibratory behavior of two coupled oscillators is studied. The main system — Dahl type — is coupled to a very light system with a nonsmooth potential that can be endowed for passively controlling the main system. Invariant manifold of the system at the fast time scale is revealed and the system behavior at slow time scale around the infinity of the fast time scale is detected. This can give us the chance to forecast all possible attractors of the system during energy exchange between the two oscillators.

scholarly journals POSITIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FIELDS OF ENFORCEMENT AND TAX POLICIES IN SERBIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagy Attila
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The State ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Debt Collection ◽  
The Eu

In this work we are dealing with the possible and more likely development ideas and opportunities which could happen in Serbia. These ideas are based on the Governmental policies and even more on the need of the Serbian economy and its citizens. For a long period of time the economy was struggling and every small step towards development is noticeable. Apart from having the same idea of joining the EU different governments in the past and now claim that they will lead Serbia on the shortest and most efficient path to the EU. Their political ideas differ somehow but certainly the decisions they are making are just following one pattern. Everyday citizens and businesses just experience the same as in any other country which has its economy in transition. Much depends on the determination to make a certain step towards economic development. Sometimes it looks like the steps were made with a big delay and that everyone except the government was ready to certain changes. Some big structural changes are not properly done and there is not enough care taken of parallel practices of states in transition. The new procedure of debt collection in Serbia is done with an intention to make debtors pay more easily. Unfortunately on the end we see that the system does not work perfectly since the state itself has some problems of getting its tax money collected. In every aspect of life we see a big influence of politics to the economy, some would say that there is no economy without being involved in politics. This unfortunate situation is following Serbia and many Western Balkan countries for a long period of time. It is hard to expect economic development with such a bad attitude which is somehow always proved in practice. The redistribution of wealth is also problematic, having in mind that the tax policy serves only as a tool to fill the budget which is anyway not just in the sense of just redistribution. The budget of Serbia has many loopholes and certainly the current economic development is not ready to support it. There is a clear need to adjust politics to economy and make the state treat better the hand which is feeding it.

The Dance of the Interneurons: How Inhibition Facilitates Fast Compressible and Reversible Learning in Hippocampus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilten Nicola ◽  
Claudia Clopath
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
Fast Time Scale ◽  
Slow Time Scale ◽  
Spike Sequences ◽  
Incoming Information ◽  
Spiking Networks ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

AbstractThe hippocampus is capable of rapidly learning incoming information, even if that information is only observed once. Further, this information can be replayed in a compressed format in either forward or reversed modes during Sharp Wave Ripples (SPW-R). We leveraged state-of-the-art techniques in training recurrent spiking networks to demonstrate how primarily inhibitory networks of neurons in CA3 and CA1 can: 1) generate internal theta sequences or “time-cells” to bind externally elicited spikes in the presence of septal inhibition, 2) reversibly compress the learned representation in the form of a SPW-R when septal inhibition is removed, 3) generate and refine gamma-assemblies during SPW-R mediated compression, and 4) regulate the inter-ripple-interval timing between SPW-R’s in ripple clusters. From the fast time scale of neurons to the slow time scale of behaviors, inhibitory networks serve as the scaffolding for one-shot learning by replaying, reversing, refining, and regulating spike sequences.

Low-frequency linear response of a cylindrical tokamak with arbitrary cross-section to ‘helical’ perturbations

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torkil H. Jensen ◽  
Ming S. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Arbitrary Cross Section ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Tearing Mode ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
Slow Time Scale ◽  
Stable Plasma

Current driven, ‘helical’ (non-axisymmetric) modes of a tokamak with arbitrary cross-section are considered in the straight (cylindrical) geometry approximation. The plasma is considered surrounded by a resistive wall. The plasma may be unstable on a fast time-scale, namely the MHD or tearing mode time-scale, on a slow time-scale given by the wall properties or it may be stable. The formalism given in this paper allows determination of stability by relatively simple numerical means. In the case of instability on the slow time-scale, the formalism allows determination of growth rates and mode structures. Since the formalism is an eigenvalue formalism with orthogonal eigenfunctions, it is well suited for calculation of the effects on a stable plasma of slow error fields caused by externally driven error currents flowing predominantly in the direction of the ignorable co-ordinate.

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