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Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia P. Szatko ◽  
Katrin Franke

Abstract To provide a compact and efficient input to the brain, sensory systems separate the incoming information into parallel feature channels. In the visual system, parallel processing starts in the retina. Here, the image is decomposed into multiple retinal output channels, each selective for a specific set of visual features like motion, contrast, or edges. In this article, we will summarize recent findings on the functional organization of the retinal output, the neural mechanisms underlying its diversity, and how single visual features, like color, are extracted by the retinal network. Unraveling how the retina – as the first stage of the visual system – filters the visual input is an important step toward understanding how visual information processing guides behavior.


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 498-529
Author(s):  
Michael R. Whitenton

Abstract This article presents a blending-based approach to characters in early Christian narratives. Even cognitive approaches to complex characters (including my previous work) tend to frame character development as a primarily linear unidirectional process. However, the human mind integrates incoming information through processes that are more recursive than linear and more synergistic than summative. I propose that Cognitive Blending Theory, pioneered by Gilles Fauconnier & Mark Turner, provides a heuristic approach that better accounts for the complexity of cognitive information processing. First, I articulate a blending-based approach to ancient characters. Next, I show the validity of such an approach by modeling the blends for each of Nicodemus’s appearances in John’s gospel, focusing on the novel insights only available through blending. As will become apparent, these blends are interrelated, building upon and challenging one another on the path toward a complete characterization of “Nicodemus” across John’s gospel. I conclude with brief reflections on the future prospects of blending-based character studies. 


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hind ZAARAOUI

This work proposes a mathematical model about how a reaction is created in the human brain in responseto a particular incoming Information/Event using quantum mechanics and more precisely path integrals theory.The set of action potentials created in a particular neuron N2 is a result of temporal and spatial summationof the signals coming from different neighboring neurons Nx with different dendrite-paths. Each dendritepathof N2 is assumed to be determined by its respective synapse with its neurotransmitters and therefore tohave its particular action S due to its respective neurotransmitters types (excitatory or inhibitory) and etc. Anexternal incoming signal information being initially modulated by recepetor neurons (in eyes, ears...) travelsthrough the neighboring neurons that are linked to the excited receptor neurons. A potential reaction responsesare subsequently created thanks to a final deformed signal in the motor neurons by all the correlated neuralpaths. The total deformation at each neuron is created by different incoming dendrite-paths and their structures(inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters and their type), and of course the existence or not of the signal andits frequency coming from each path. Using path Integrals theory, we compute the probability of existence ofthe signal-Information or the potential reaction to the incoming information at each neuron. In this paper wecompute how much the signal-Information has been distorted between two neighboring linked neural pointsincluding if it arrives or not to the neigboring neurons. We propose an Information entropy similar to Shannonone and we demonstrate that this entropy is equivalent to timespace curvature in the Brain.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Fuhrer ◽  
Kyrre Glette ◽  
Jugoslav Ivanovic ◽  
Pal Gunnar Larsson ◽  
Tristan Andres Bekinschtein ◽  
...  

The brain excels at processing sensory input, even in rich or chaotic environments. Mounting evidence attributes this to the creation of sophisticated internal models of the environment that draw on statistical structures in the unfolding sensory input. Understanding how and where this modeling takes place is a core question in statistical learning. It is unknown how this modeling applies to random sensory signals. Here, we identify conditional relations, through transitional probabilities, as an implicit structure supporting the encoding of a random auditory stream. We evaluate this representation using intracranial electroencephalography recordings by applying information-theoretical principles to high-frequency activity (75-145 Hz). We demonstrate how the brain continuously encodes conditional relations between random stimuli in a network outside of the auditory system following a hierarchical organization including temporal, frontal and hippocampal regions. Our results highlight that hierarchically organized brain areas continuously attempt to order incoming information by maintaining a probabilistic representation of the sensory input, even under random stimuli presentation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. e24
Author(s):  
Márcia Barros ◽  
Pedro Ruas ◽  
Diana Sousa ◽  
Ali Haider Bangash ◽  
Francisco M. Couto

Tracking the most recent advances in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)‒related research is essential, given the disease's novelty and its impact on society. However, with the publication pace speeding up, researchers and clinicians require automatic approaches to keep up with the incoming information regarding this disease. A solution to this problem requires the development of text mining pipelines; the efficiency of which strongly depends on the availability of curated corpora. However, there is a lack of COVID-19‒related corpora, even more, if considering other languages besides English. This project's main contribution was the annotation of a multilingual parallel corpus and the generation of a recommendation dataset (EN-PT and EN-ES) regarding relevant entities, their relations, and recommendation, providing this resource to the community to improve the text mining research on COVID-19‒related literature. This work was developed during the 7th Biomedical Linked Annotation Hackathon (BLAH7).


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
A.D. Redozubov ◽  

In the first part of the article, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the concepts given through definitions described by sets of features, and those concepts that a person operates and behind which there is an idea of meaning. It has been suggested that this is the key point in differentiating the concept of traditional artificial intelligence and strong artificial intelligence. It was proposed to use related points of view, which can be described by appropriate contexts, to formalize natural concepts. This part of the article provides a formalization of the context as a unique point of view. With the context the original description acquires interpretation, its characteristic feature for this context. The use of previous experience allows us to check the adequacy of the received interpretation. By comparing the concepts used with their contexts, it is possible to obtain a space of contexts that is able to search for potentially possible mean-ings in the incoming information. The use of the context space allowed us to describe the mechanism for transferring experience from one context to another. Based on the contextual transfer, an explanation of the phenomenon of creativi-ty and a description of its nature are given.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asieh Zadbood ◽  
Samuel A. Nastase ◽  
Janice Chen ◽  
Kenneth A. Norman ◽  
Uri Hasson

The brain actively reshapes past memories in light of new incoming information. In the current study, we ask how the brain supports this updatinge process during the encoding and recall of naturalistic stimuli. One group of participants watched a movie ("The Sixth Sense") with a cinematic "twist" at the end that dramatically changed the interpretation of previous events. Next, participants were asked to verbally recall the movie events, taking into account the new "twist" information. Most participants updated their recall to incorporate the twist. Two additional groups recalled the movie without having to update their memories during recall: one group never saw the twist; another group was exposed to the twist prior to the beginning of the movie, and thus the twist information was incorporated both during encoding and recall. We found that providing participants with information about the twist beforehand altered neural response patterns during movie-viewing in the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, presenting participants with the twist at the end of the movie changed the neural representation of the previously-encoded information during recall in a subset of DMN regions. Further evidence for this transformation was obtained by comparing the neural activation patterns during encoding and recall and correlating them with behavioral signatures of memory updating. Our results demonstrate that neural representations of past events encoded in the DMN are dynamically integrated with new information that reshapes our memory in natural contexts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Kruglov ◽  
Andrey A. Kruglov

Personal constitutional and acquired predispositions form preferences in the vectors of perception of information (cultural) sentences of the environment. On these vectors, contextual factors are formed that affect the processing of incoming information, the formation of representations and images, which determine the interpretation of lexical signs. Multiplication of contexts creates metacontexts that define the boundaries of virtual reality. One of the design features of Clip thinking (ClipT) is the formation of metacontexts by external structures: network associations. The metacontexts of ClipT form a new structure of communicative experience that changes the self-identification and socialization of the subject, causing a state of dependence. ClipT has significant similarities with hieroglyphic thinking (HieT), which consists of quantized combinations: image + sense + emotion + tone. Hieroglyphics (thinking and writing) have a metacontext nature, being a formation of an ethnic scale. According to some structural parameters, KlipT and HieT are similar to the level of identity. Fundamental factors are the external genesis of metacontexts; the imagery of thinking; elimination of causal relationships and abstraction; visual "receiving-transmission" of the sense of the perceptual image, including the graphic image; rigidity of mental and behavioral structures; embedded experience; etc. The integral structure of a legitimizing nature (HieT + writing + language + metacontext continuum (ethnocultural matrix)) forms a parametrically conjugated social structure derived from it. A monolithic socio-cultural conglomeration with a self-reproduction mechanism is created. We believe this principle is universal, with the possibility of extrapolation to any socio-cultural structure. Currently, the HS population is in a state of forming a universal cultural matrix with the potential to replace ethnocultural matrices. ClipT—the new operating system of the psyche—defines and unifies the transformation of ethnocultural matrices with the vector of universalization. The significant similarity of hieroglyphics with the parameters of ClipT contains the extrapolation potential of modeling (sociological and mathematical) the expected ethnic/universal dynamics of conglomeration: ClipT (psyche as a whole) and congruent social construction. The identity points of ClipT and HieT can find application in the constructions and artificial intelligence learning, as reference points of operating systems of thinking and language, in the structure of which there are no algorithms for cause-effect relationships, analysis, feedback, abstract thinking, and classification structures dominate.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hind ZAARAOUI

Our work consists on showing that the Spacetime curvature introduced by Einstein in the Universe and also in the Brain is a result of the Information Entropy of different quantum Paths of elementary particles (leptons, bosons…) of path integrals model. We started by seeing the structure of how the incoming information is processed and then propagated in the brain and how the latter is deformed in each neuron to thus create a potential reaction response distorted or not. In quantum physics, and particularly in quantum field theory (QFT), the paths in path integrals have an equivalent role to paths between two neighboring linked neurons (synapses + neurotransmitters + dendrites). Using this modeling, we prove mathematically that the entropy of the Information coming from the paths could be equivalent to the Spacetime curvature in Universe as in Brain


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (194) ◽  
pp. 150-153
Author(s):  
Olena Lopatyuk ◽  

The reliability of the pilot's work in extreme conditions depends largely on the professional qualities formed in the training process. Purposeful sports tourism classes allow not only to improve health, but also to develop professionally important psychophysiological qualities. The purpose of the study is to prove that sports tourism is one of the means of forming professional reliability of future pilots while studying at the flight academy. To achieve this goal, methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific and educational literature on research were used. The article reveals the importance of sports tourism in the formation of physical and psychophysiological qualities of future pilots. The peculiarities of the influence of sports tourism on the comprehensive development of the cadets' personality are determined. It was found that regular classes in sports tourism develop in cadets the basic physical qualities and psychophysiological qualities important for the professions of the operator profile: the ability to perform additional work on the background of the main; ability to logically analyze incoming information; quickly change the structure of actions in a difficult situation; to overcome obstacles that arise in special cases of flight. Sports tourism is of great importance for the development of moral and volitional qualities of future pilots. Physical training of cadets of the flight academy with the use of sports tourism is an active method of successful formation of their professional reliability. Systematic classes in sports tourism help to form in our youth such valuable qualities as courage, persistence, ability to overcome difficulties. The defining features of sports tourism are its attractiveness. Educational, educational, health and sports tasks in tourism belong to the category of general tasks, ie their solution is carried out in close unity and does not depend on the age and degree of special physical fitness of those involved. During the campaign, educational tasks are solved directly by the influence of each participant by the team, ie there is a formation of a sense of collectivism, the subordination of their own interests to society; in addition, the duration of the campaign, the gradual increase in physical activity nurture the endurance and willpower of future pilots. In derivative conditions, knowledge of the methods of formation of motor skills is also improved.


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