Endotoxin Removal from Albumin and Saline Solutions

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-M. Bell ◽  
K. Guo ◽  
H. P. Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Membrane Preparation ◽  
Dynamic Adsorption ◽  
Microporous Membranes ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Purification ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Saline Solutions

Microporous membranes have been developed which can remove endotoxins selectively from electrolyte and albumin solutions by regioselective adsorption in the membrane matrix and outside surface of the membrane. The membranes were prepared in the form of hollow fibre membranes in a continuous process. By varying the membrane preparation parameters, different pore sizes and adsorption capacities could be realized, thus broadening applications for biological purification. Dynamic adsorption capacities for endotoxin from albumin and saline solution were determined and were found to be in the range of 0.2 and 0.1 μg endotoxin/g membrane, respectively, suggesting different adsorption mechanisms. (Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 589–93)

scholarly journals Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Ambaye ◽  
M. Vaccari ◽  
E. D. van Hullebusch ◽  
A. Amrane ◽  
S. Rtimi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Inorganic Pollutants ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Temperature Solution

AbstractCurrently, due to the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization in developing countries, a large volume of wastewater is produced from industries that contain chemicals generating high environmental risks affecting human health and the economy if not treated properly. Consequently, the development of a sustainable low-cost wastewater treatment approach has attracted more attention of policymakers and scientists. The present review highlights the recent applications of biochar in removing organic and inorganic pollutants present in industrial effluents. The recent modes of preparation, physicochemical properties and adsorption mechanisms of biochar in removing organic and inorganic industrial pollutants are also reviewed comprehensively. Biochar showed high adsorption of industrial dyes up to 80%. It also discusses the recent application and mechanism of biochar-supported photocatalytic materials for the degradation of organic contaminants in wastewater. We reviewed also the possible optimizations (such as the pyrolysis temperature, solution pH) allowing the increase of the adsorption capabilities of biochar leading to organic contaminants removal. Besides, increasing the pyrolysis temperature of the biochar was seen to lead to an increase in its surface area, while it decreases their amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, consequently leading to a decrease in the adsorption of metal (loid) ions present in the medium. Finally, the review suggests that more research should be carried out to optimize the main parameters involved in biochar production and its regeneration methods. Future efforts should be also carried out towards process engineering to improve its adsorption capacity to increase the economic benefits of its implementation.

scholarly journals Effects of Saline Solutions on the Desiccation Cracking and Shrinkage Behavior of Gaomiaozi Bentonite

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Long Tan ◽  
Penglin Zheng ◽  
Qingbing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Shrinkage Strain ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Gmz Bentonite ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Desiccation Cracking ◽  
Saline Solutions

Bentonite, when used as buffer/backfill material in the deep disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), could undergo desiccation shrinkage or even cracking due to the heat released from HLW, impairing the efficiency of the barrier system. Furthermore, in-service buffer materials are inevitably in contact with the groundwater, which sometimes contain high salt concentrations. The groundwater salinity may modify the properties of bentonite and hence affect the process of desiccation and its performance. To investigate this effect, in this study, a series of temperature-controlled desiccation tests was conducted on compacted specimens of Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite preliminarily saturated with two different saline solutions (NaCl and CaCl2) at the concentration varying from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/L. The experimental results indicated that, as the concentration of saline solution increases, the initial saturated water content of bentonite decreases, whereas the residual water content at the completion of the desiccation test increases. The water evaporation rate is reduced for the specimens saturated with a high-concentration saline solution, and CaCl2 has a more significant influence on water evaporation than NaCl. The evolution of cracks on the sample surface during the desiccation process can be divided into four stages: crack growth, maintenance, closure, and stabilization; an increase in the salt concentration effectively inhibits crack development. It was shown that the infiltration of saline solutions alters the microstructure of bentonite by changing the arrangement of clay particles from a dispersed pattern to more aggregate state, which results in a decrease in shrinkage strain and shrinkage anisotropy.

Combination of coagulation and ultrafiltration for drinking water production: impact of process configuration and module design

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Guigui ◽  
V. Bonnelye ◽  
L. Durand-Bourlier ◽  
J. C. Rouch ◽  
P. Aptel
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Process ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeation Flux ◽  
Module Design ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Process Configuration ◽  
Flow Filtration

The in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration (UF) combined process has been studied in order to improve membrane performance for the treatment of surface water with high organic content. Ultrafiltration experiments were performed using cellulose derivative hollow-fibre membranes with ferric chloride as coagulant. The efficacy of adding coagulant just before the membrane module depends on the filtration mode, the process configuration and the module design. In dead-end mode, permeation flux of 70 l/hm2 can be maintained, but high backwash frequency (low recovery) is necessary to prevent plugging. Cross-flow filtration was effective in reducing fouling and allows operation at higher permeation flux. In cross-flow filtration, the feed-and-bleed configuration (single stage continuous process) appears promising to reduce backwash frequencies: for a recovery of 95% and at a permeation flux of 120 l/h.m2, quasi-steady transmembrane pressure can be maintained with a low fouling rate (10 kPa in 400 min.). In cross-flow filtration, the use of curved modules with Dean vortices reduces the fouling rate by a factor of 2 compared with a conventional straight module.

Effects of Thrombin and Protease Nexin–1 on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

1998 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patty Lee ◽  
J. Gershon Spector ◽  
Albert Derby ◽  
Dikla G. Roufa
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Neural Regeneration ◽  
Silicone Tube ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protease Nexin ◽  
Sciatic Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Saline Solutions

Thrombin and serine protease inhibitors such as protease nexin–1 (PN-1) have been implicated in neurite outgrowth activity. We compared rat sciatic nerve regeneration in 10-mm silicone tubes, bridging an 8-mm nerve gap, that were prefilled with thrombin (1.5 IU) and PN-1 (50 μg/mL or 1 mg/mL) to those filled with saline solution (control). Neural regeneration and fibrinoid matrix progression (deposition of extracellular matrix) were analyzed at 1, 4, 17, and 21 days after silicone tube implantation. At 1 and 4 days after implantation, thrombin reduced fibrinoid matrix length propagation from both the proximal and distal transected nerve stumps, but PN-1 and saline did not interfere with matrix progression (p <.05). Seventeen days after implantation, the number of silicone tubes containing myelinated neuronal regenerates at the mid-tube region was 1 of 6 for thrombin, 6 of 9 for PN-1, and 6 of 10 for saline solution. Twenty-one days after implantation, 11 of 11 tubes with saline solution, 9 of 11 with PN-1 at 1 mg/mL, and 7 of 9 with PN-1 at 50 μg/mL had myelinated neural regenerates in the mid—silicone tube region, while only 2 of 9 thrombin-containing silicone tubes contained myelinated axons. There was no statistically significant difference in myelinated neurite regenerates at 17 and 21 days after implantation among silicone tubes prefilled with saline solution and PN-1 (50 μg/mL or 1 mg/mL). Thrombin interfered with matrix progression and significantly reduced the number of myelinated neurite regenerates (p =.01). The PN-1 and saline solutions did not inhibit matrix progression or affect the number of myelinated axonal regenerates (p =.92).

Modified Nanodiamonds for Adsorption of Propidium Iodide and Aflatoxin

2009 ◽  
Vol 1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Gibson ◽  
Tizy-Jiun Mark Luo ◽  
Olga Shenderova ◽  
Yong-Jae Choi ◽  
Donald W Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Propidium Iodide ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
In Situ Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Target Molecules

AbstractNanodiamonds (NDs) have desirable chemical, physical and biological properties that lend them to a wide range of applications. ND’s facile surface chemistry, for example, can be used to create a high affinity for adsorbing various biological molecules. However, NDs, which are commercially available from multiple vendors, show inconsistencies with surface groups, aggregate sizes and impurity contents that may limit adsorption. We explore adsorption mechanisms of molecules to NDs in efforts to expand ND applications to drug delivery agents, bio-labels and enterosorbents. In doing so, several types of NDs and modification methods are evaluated to increase adsorption capacity and selectivity of propidium iodide and aflatoxin B1. Capacities and binding strengths of target molecules are assessed by Langmuir isotherms and transform calculations. UV-Vis spectroscopy shows our modification treatments are successful in increasing ND adsorption capacities. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry measurements, used to monitor in-situ adsorption, show electrochemical detection even after binding.

scholarly journals An Outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii Bloodstream Infection Associated with an Intrinsically Contaminated Normal Saline Solution

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Yin Chen ◽  
Wan-Tsuei Huang ◽  
Chia-Ping Chen ◽  
Shu-Mei Sun ◽  
Fu-Mei Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Ralstonia Pickettii ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Hospital Wards

OBJECTIVERalstonia pickettii has caused contamination of pharmaceutical solutions in many countries, resulting in healthcare infections or outbreak events. We determined the source of the outbreak of R. pickettii bloodstream infection (BSI).METHODSThis study was conducted in a 3,000-bed tertiary referral medical center in Taiwan with >8,500 admissions during May 2015. Patients had been treated in the injection room or chemotherapy room at outpatient departments, emergency department, or hospital wards. All patients who were culture positive for R. pickettii from May 3 to June 11, 2015, were eligible for the study. The aim of the survey was to conduct clinical epidemiological and microbiological investigations to identify possible sources of infection.RESULTSWe collected 57 R. pickettii–positive specimens from 30 case patients. We performed 24 blood cultures; 14 of these revealed >2 specimens and 6 used fluid withdrawn from Port-a-Cath implantable venous access devices. All patients received an injection of 20 mL 0.9% normal saline via catheter flushing. In addition, 2 unopened ampules of normal saline solution (20 mL) were confirmed positive for R. pickettii. The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention performed sampling and testing of the same manufactured batch and identified the same strain of R. pickettii. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis tests revealed that all clinical isolates had similarity of >90%, validating the outbreak of the same clone of R. pickettii.CONCLUSIONSR. pickettii can grow in saline solutions and cause bloodstream infections. Hospital monitoring mechanisms are extremely important measures in identifying and ending such outbreaks.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:444–448

scholarly journals Effective removal of tetracycline antibiotics from wastewater using practically applicable iron(III)-loaded cellulose nanofibres

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 210336
Author(s):  
Lanxin Lu ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Ying Luo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Complexation ◽  
Tetracycline Antibiotics ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibres ◽  
Active Metal ◽  
Wide Ph Range ◽  
Ph Range

The non-toxic and completely biodegradable cellulose within bamboo is one of the most abundant agricultural polysaccharide wastes worldwide, and can be processed into cellulose nanofibres (CNFs). Iron(III)-loaded CNFs (Fe(III)@CNFs) derived from bamboo were prepared to improve the adsorption of tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) from an aqueous solution. The preparation conditions of Fe(III)@CNFs suitable for the simultaneous adsorption of three tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) were investigated. Various analyses proved the abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups and the existence of Fe(III) active metal sites in Fe(III)@CNFs. In batch experiments, Fe(III)@CNFs were applied under a wide pH range and the maximum adsorption capacities were 294.12, 232.56 and 500.00 mg g −1 (for TC, CTC and OTC, respectively). In addition, different concentrations and types of coexisting anions have a weak effect on TCs adsorption. The original TCs adsorption capacities of Fe(III)@CNFs remained stable (greater than 92%) after five cycles when UV + H 2 O 2 was used as the regeneration method. Four adsorption mechanisms (surface complexation, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction and van der Waals force) were obtained for the endothermic adsorption of TCs, among which surface complexation between Fe(III) and TCs always dominates. The practically applicable Fe(III)@CNFs adsorbents are promising for TCs enrichment and remediation in engineering applications.

scholarly journals Оптическая цифровая регистрация седиментации эритроцитов и ее моделирование в форме коллективного процесса

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
В.А. Дубровский ◽  
К.Н. Дворецкий ◽  
С.В. Марков ◽  
Е.П. Карпочева ◽  
В.В. Тучин
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Blood Content ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Blood Sedimentation ◽  
Blood Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physiologic Saline ◽  
Saline Solutions

AbstractThe dependence of the sedimentation rate of donor blood on its percentage in the sample (the degree of its dilution with physiologic saline) ranging from 0.25 to 100% (whole undiluted blood) is investigated with digital video equipment. The ratio of the value of displacement of the sediment–supernatant boundary per time unit was taken as the blood sedimentation rate. In case of registration of different speeds of movement of this boundary in a given volume of the cuvette, their spatial averaging was performed. A substantial increase in the blood sedimentation rate was found experimentally at high levels of its dilution, and, conversely, at blood concentrations in physiologic saline solutions that are close to whole blood. At the same time, the rate of blood sedimentation decreased several times with blood content in the range of 30–50%. It was experimentally shown that variation of blood content in the physiologic saline solution over a wide range did not affect the evenness of sedimentation occurring for almost any blood concentration in the mixture. In other words, in the process of sedimentation of a single blood sample of a given dilution in the physiologic saline solution, the sedimentation rate does not change with time. The experimentally obtained results allowed to build a theoretical model of blood sedimentation for two cases: 1) sedimentation of free erythrocytes (highly diluted blood) and 2) sedimentation of erythrocyte aggregates (almost undiluted blood, up to whole blood). The originality of the model comes from the proposition to consider the sedimentation of cells and/or their aggregates as a collective effect, and not in the traditional form of sedimentation of individual particles or particles interacting with each other. This model gives a satisfactory agreement with experimental laws with the use of certain empirical constants. The study is useful for understanding the process of erythrocyte sedimentation.

scholarly journals Hydrodynamic and adsorption properties of anionic acrylamide copolymers in water-salt media

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-463
Author(s):  
D. N. Davlyud ◽  
P. D. Vorobiev ◽  
Yu. V. Lipai ◽  
E. V. Vorobieva ◽  
S. V. Bucha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Ionic Groups ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Mass Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Acrylamide Copolymers

Rheological properties and concentration cross-overs of anionic acrylamide copolymers in saline solutions (potassium chloride) were investigated by using capillary viscometer method. Area of non-overlapping coils between the crossover concentration and the concentration of fluctuation mesh formation was determined; it was shown that with increase of salt concentration this area practically disappears, i.e. mass transfer mechanism changes near the crossover concentration. It was shown that at low concentrations of potassium chloride increasing the content of ionic groups of macromolecules leads to reduction in the crossover concentration and increase in the effective volume. It is found that the kaolin adsorption capacity decreases when polymers are adsorbed from saline solution, and the adsorption constant is significantly higher in the presence of salt than in water.

Modulation of the driving forces for adsorption on MIL-101 analogues by decoration with sulfonic acid functional groups: superior selective adsorption of hazardous anionic dyes

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (20) ◽  
pp. 6651-6660
Author(s):  
Ji-Min Yang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Run-Zhi Zhang ◽  
Meng-Xuan Tong
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Anionic Dyes ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
Adsorption Capacities

MIL-101-SO3H analogues functionalized with –SO3H groups exhibited superior CR, MO and AC adsorption capacities because of their distinct adsorption mechanisms.

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