Gender Differences in Desistance From Crime: How Do Social Bonds Operate Among Formerly Incarcerated Emerging Adults?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Abrams ◽  
Christina C. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated ◽  
Desistance From Crime

Life course theory suggests that the social bond of marriage can serve as a pivotal turning point toward the termination of criminal activity, particularly for men. Yet limited research has investigated how young adult men and women utilize social bonds forged outside of marriage to facilitate desistance from crime. This study explored gender differences in how formerly incarcerated emerging adults navigate and utilize their social bonds with peers and romantic partners on the journey toward criminal desistance. Two semi-structured qualitative interviews and a social mapping exercise were conducted with 14 emerging adults (seven men and seven women) with extensive histories of juvenile incarceration. With regard to friends, the young women found peer support often inconsistent, leading to an overarching theme of self-reliance. Some of the young men used peer supports with an overarching theme of reciprocity, while others used peer supports very sparingly in order to avoid contact with criminal associations or potential danger. With regard to romantic partnerships, these relationships proved much more supportive of desistance goals for the young men and the contrary was the case for the young women in heterosexual partnerships. These findings add to a growing literature about the process of desistance for emerging adults.

Relationship Fluidity

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-61
Author(s):  
Megan Lindsay Brown ◽  
Judy Krysik ◽  
Walter LaMendola ◽  
Drishti Sinha ◽  
Lauren Reed
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
The United States ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Adult Identity ◽  
Emerging Adult Women

Emerging adults are persistent users of information and communication technology (ICT), with young women between 18-29 being the highest users of ICT in the United States. Relatively little research has investigated how young women internalize experiences of emerging adulthood in the context of their development, and especially intimate relationships. Using qualitative interviews with young adult women, this chapter will explore how high ICT use mediates the developmental tasks of forming an adult identity and intimate relationships. Emerging adult women (18-29) who were high users of ICT (N=22) described their user habits and discussed their developmental trajectories and experiences. Findings demonstrated that identity and intimacy are still pertinent developmental tasks for emerging adults but have changed in nature allowing a fluidity that challenges the bounds of traditionally developmental theories.

Elevated Incidence of a Sensed Presence and Sexual Arousal during Partial Sensory Deprivation and Sensitivity to Hypnosis: Implications for Hemisphericity and Gender Differences

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1527-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Tiller ◽  
M. A. Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Arousal ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Young Men ◽  
And Gender

As predicted by the vectorial cerebral hemisphericity hypothesis, 24 normal young women reported significantly more experiences of a “presence” than did 24 normal young men within a setting that emphasized hypnosis and partial sensory deprivation. The incidence of these experiences was positively correlated with scores on Spiegel's Hypnosis Induction Profile, while the attribution of the chamber experiences to ego-alien sources was correlated with the magnitude of (Vingiano's) right hemisphericity for the women only. Both sexes exhibited a significant association between the experience of a presence and sexual arousal.

Dangers, Diversions, and Decisions: The Process of Criminal Desistance Among Formerly Incarcerated Young Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 727-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Terry ◽  
Laura S. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated ◽  
Transition Age ◽  
Narrative Methods ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Repeat Offending ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Young adult men (ages 18-24) who exit the juvenile justice system are at high risk for repeat offending. However, little is known qualitatively about the strategies that they use to navigate criminal influences, crime temptations, and the possibility of getting “caught.” To address this gap, the authors used narrative methods involving 30 in-depth qualitative interviews with 15 formerly incarcerated young men between the ages of 19 and 24. Coding and memoing were used to identify major themes and data patterns. Results indicated two distinct groups; one group engaged in a series of micro-level decision-making processes to navigate challenges in their everyday living environments, which helped to facilitate their gradual abstinence from crime. The second group was equally tested by contextual challenges, but they made decisions to minimize their criminal involvement to avoid the risk of repeat incarceration, which negatively influenced their desistance patterns. The results lend themselves to better understanding how decision making, internal motivation, and external factors can influence the desistance processes of transition-age urban young men.

Gender Differences in Expectations of Self and Future Partner

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAWRENCE H. GANONG ◽  
MARILYN COLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Marital Partner ◽  
Educational Achievements ◽  
Male College ◽  
Personal Success

The expectations that 131 single female and 103 male college students had for themselves and their future marital partners were investigated using a combination of open-ended items and Likert-type scales. Although the students did not differ on expectations for personal success, they did differ on expectations for the success of their future marital partner. Young women expected more success for their future husbands than young men expected for their future wives. In addition, women expected their future husbands to make significantly more money and have higher educational achievements, and to be more intelligent, more successful, and better able to handle things than themselves. The implications of these findings for intimate relationships are discussed.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Russia’s Job Mobility and Its Rewards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Privalko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Women ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
And Gender

This article considers age and gender differences in the probability and consequences of job mobility; specifically firm exits and promotions in Russia. Russia's labour market should have high rates of job mobility, but we will show using IMF figures that the rate between 2011 and 2015 is on par with the 1980's. Beyond this, little is known about who is mobile and whether mobility has any impact on wages once the characteristics of movers are controlled for. In other words, we will ask whether job mobility is a sorting mechanism, or whether it has premiums in pay in and of itself. Results show a gender difference in the likelihood of firm exit but not in the likelihood of promotion. When several personal and job characteristics are held constant, young men and women have similar odds of promotion. However, promotions have a positive effect only on the wages of young women; young men's wages are not affected. On the topic of firm exits, when several personal and job characteristics are held constant, exit is more common among young men when compared to young women; this is also true of middle aged men and women. Further, young men see a significant decrease in wages following an exit, while young women are not affected by exit. These results are flipped for middle aged workers; middle aged men see no change in wages following an exit, but middle aged women see significant declines in wages following an exit. Using these results, the article shows that the early stages of a respondent's career are marked by periods of high mobility, which is similar to the experience of young workers in other countries. After this period, mobility becomes increasingly unlikely. Part of this result could stem from the premiums tied to promotion. Results help to understand processes of inequality in wages and conditions that occur due to sorting, and the importance of promotions (internal job changes with the same employer) as 'life chances' which improve earnings in the immediate sense. Gender differences in securing these life chances help to understand wider gender gaps in earnings, which emerge later.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Psychosocial Predictors of Sexual Activity and HIV Testing Among Youth in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Chenneville ◽  
Hunter Drake
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Psychosocial Variables ◽  
Self Employment

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) carries a disproportionate burden of HIV in the world relative to its population. Youth are at particular risk. Understanding HIV risk factors, as well as factors affecting HIV testing among SSA youth, is important given that HIV testing, linkage to care, and viral suppression are part of the global strategy to end HIV. Because young women face disparate sexual and reproductive health outcomes, exploring gender differences related to HIV risk, and testing is vital. Using existing program evaluation data from a larger project, the purpose of this study was to explore gender differences related to sexual activity and HIV testing among youth in SSA. Participant data from 581 youth ages 13–24 in Kenya was analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance, and binomial logistic regression. Findings revealed that young men were more likely to report sexual activity than young women. Age was a predictor of sexual activity for all youth. However, among psychosocial variables, depression predicted sexual activity for young women while stress predicted sexual activity for young men. Although there were no gender differences in HIV testing after controlling for demographic and psychosocial variables, there were some differences between young women and young men with regard to predictors of HIV testing. Age and full-time self-employment predicted HIV testing among young women, while part-time self-employment, education, and substance abuse risk predicted HIV testing among young men. Findings suggest a need for gender and youth friendly strategies for addressing the HIV treatment cascade and care continuum.

“Yo sí te Creo”: Alcohol-facilitated sexual violence among young women in the Spanish night-time economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 096466392110572
Author(s):  
Pilar Tarancón Gómez ◽  
Nuria Romo Avilés ◽  
Laura Pavón Benítez
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Penal Reform

This study investigates the factors associated with alcohol-facilitated sexual violence among young women in the Spanish night-time economy, through the analysis of twenty-six qualitative interviews with eleven young women and fifteen young men who frequent these spaces. Our results show how this type of violence originates, both from the perspective of the young women and the young men. The young women warn of the risk of sexual victimization associated with the abuse of alcohol. The young men, for their part, describe the tactics used to gain non-consensual sexual contact. These data contribute to showing how important it is for the legislation on these matters to have a gender perspective. They also add to the complex debate on the penal reform that is ongoing in Spain, in particular on sexual crimes facilitated by alcohol abuse.

Religiosity, Discrimination, and Community Engagement

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1528-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selcuk R. Sirin ◽  
Dalal Katsiaficas
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Muslim American ◽  
American Immigrant ◽  
Religious Dress

The attacks on September 11, 2001, changed the lives of all Americans. For many immigrant Muslims in the United States this meant dealing with an elevated amount of discrimination. This study investigated how perceived discrimination influenced levels of community engagement among Muslim American emerging adults and whether it varied by gender. Data were gathered from 134 Muslim American immigrant participants aged 18 to 28. Surprisingly the findings showed no significant gender differences in terms of religiosity, perceived discrimination, and community engagement. Those who wore traditional religious dress, as expected, reported higher degrees of discrimination than those who did not. Further analysis also showed that for young women deep religious commitments led to community involvement when perceiving higher levels of discrimination. On the other hand, for young men, perceived discrimination did not have any effect in mediating the role of religiosity on community engagement. The results showed that gendered pathways of the role perceived discrimination may play in increasing community engagement in young women but not for young men.

scholarly journals Markers of success of passing the unified state exam

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 09010
Author(s):  
Lubov Gubareva ◽  
Yulia Konygeva
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
The Central Nervous System

102 schoolchildren of the 9-11th classes of secondary school No. 2 of Stavropol, without genetic pathology, were examined. The functional state of the central nervous system was determined by the method of computer chronoreflexometry; using psychological tests, we determined the level of personality (PA) and situational (SA) anxiety, as well as (and) the level of aggressiveness. It was established that in the 9-11th classes, girls and young women have a higher level of PA and SA than boys and young men (p <0.050.01). During the training the girls’ and boys’ the level of PA remains relatively constant, however, the variability of PA of 17 years-old young women is higher than of the young men. The level of SA of the girls tends to increase throughout the entire period of study in high school, while for boys it rises only the 10th class, and decreases by the beginning of the 11th class. For the indicators of aggression, gender differences begin to appear in the 10th class: aggressiveness index and indirect aggression in the boys’ significantly higher than the girls’ are. In the 11th class, young men significantly increase in comparison with girls an indicator of hostility, verbal aggression and offence (p <0.05).

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