Personal and Indoor/Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure Assessments of 23 Homes in Taiwan

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Chuan Chan ◽  
Yukio Yanagisawa ◽  
John D. Spengler
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Weighted Average Model ◽  
Time Weighted Average ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations of 23 homes from two areas in Taiwan, the city of Taipei and a rural village in central Taiwan, were measured concurrently from December 1987 to January 1988. NO2 measurements were carried out by Palmes tube for one week and filter badges for two days. In Taipei, the mean NO2 concentrations outdoors, in the kitchens, in the livingrooms, and in the bedrooms were 40.1 ppb, 34.4 ppb, 32.1 ppb, and 29.7 ppb for one week, and were 25.7 ppb, 25.6 ppb, 22.6 ppb, and 20.5 ppb for two days. In the village of central Taiwan, the corresponding concentrations were 23.5 ppb, 24.5 ppb, 20.4 ppb, and 17.5 ppb for one week, and 20.3 ppb, 24.7 ppb, 18.8 ppb, and 15.4 ppb for two days. The NO2 concentrations of all microenvironments in Taipei were significantly higher than those in the village of central Taiwan. The outdoor NO2 concentrations were significantly higher than the indoor NO2 concentrations in Taipei. The NO2 measurements in the kitchens were higher than all other measurements indoors and outdoors in the village of central Taiwan. The houses which used natural gas as cooking fuel had slightly higher indoor NO2 concentrations than the houses which used LPG as cooking fuel in Taipei city. Cement houses had slightly higher indoor NO2 concentrations than brick houses. The mean of housewives' exposures was 30.8 ppb in Taipei and 19.9 ppb in the village of central Taiwan. The explanation power of the housewife's exposure to NO2 was 72% by the time weighted-average model and 70% by the simple linear regression model.

Exposure of Intensive Care Unit Nurses to Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide During Therapeutic Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Adults With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Qureshi ◽  
Nipurn J. Shah ◽  
Carol W. Hemmen ◽  
Mary C. Thill ◽  
James A. Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Inhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Time Weighted Average ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Nurses

• Background Although low concentrations of inhaled nitric oxide may by therapeutic, both nitric oxide and its oxidation product nitrogen dioxide are potentially toxic. The threshold limits for time-weighted average concentrations of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide issued by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists are 25 and 3 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of these gases in the breathing space of hospital personnel during administration of nitric oxide to adult patients have not been reported.• Methods Air was sampled from the breathing zone of intensive care unit nurses via collar-mounted tubes during the nurses’ routine duties attending patients who were receiving inhaled nitric oxide at 5 or 20 ppm. The exhaust ports of the mechanical ventilators were left open to the room. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide were chemically assayed as nitrite from sorbent tubes by using spectrophotometry. Ambient nitric oxide levels were measured at sequential distances from the ventilator by using chemiluminescence.• Results The time-weighted average concentrations of inspired gas for nurses during inhaled nitric oxide treatment were 0.45 ppm or less for nitric oxide and less than 0.29 ppm for nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide levels at the ventilator during delivery at 20 ppm were 9.2 ppm, but dropped off markedly beyond 0.6 m (2 ft), to a mean of about 30 ppb.• Conclusion Inhaled nitric oxide therapy at doses up to 20 ppm does not appear to pose a risk of excessive occupational exposure to nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide to nurses during routine delivery of critical care.

Clinical Monitoring of Inhaled Nitric Oxide

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
Philip C. Etches ◽  
Neil N. Finer ◽  
Richard A. Ehrenkranz ◽  
Linda L. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Inhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Time Weighted Average

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is being increasingly utilized for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and ventilation-perfusion mismatch in association with respiratory failure in adults, children, and neonates.1,2 The three major areas of potential toxicity of NO are the formation of methemoglobin, the production of free radicals such as peroxynitrite, and the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by reaction with oxygen (O2) in the delivery system. NO2 is toxic,3 with a maximum 8-hour, time-weighted, average exposure recommendation of 5 ppm.4

scholarly journals The Analysis of the Compassion Levels of the Classroom Teachers in Terms of Different Variables

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Murat Çalışoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Teachers ◽  
School Life ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Data Frequency ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

A teacher should be just and compassionate to be a good teacher. If there is weakness in these two, what a pity for those children who are trained by that teacher! Because one of the biggest diseases of this time is that mercilessness and unjustness are the raising trends. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mercy levels of the classroom teachers in terms of different variables. The study was conducted on 227 classroom teachers, 132 females and 95 males, working in Ağrı Province, Turkey in 2017.In the study, the Compassion Scale (CS) developed by Pommier (2011) and adapted to Turkish by Seher Akdeniz and Mehmet Engin Deniz was applied to the teachers. A statistical program was used to analyze the data. Frequency distribution to determine demographic characteristics, t test to analyze the relationship between compassion level and two independent variables, and ANOVA variant analysis to analyze the relationship between compassion level and variables more than two were used in the analyses of the data. The difference between the variables was interpreted on the basis of p0.05 significance level.According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant difference between the level of compassion of the teachers and the gender, the settlement they work in, and their term of office. It was determined that the mean scores of male teachers were higher than the female teachers in the dimensions of indifference, disconnection and intercourse in the sub-dimensions of compassion level, the mean scores of the teachers working in the village in the sub-dimension of being aware of the sharing is higher than the teachers working in the city, and the mean scores of the teachers with 6-10 years of period of office is higher than those with 16 years of period of office in the sub-dimension of being aware of the sharing and the mean scores of the teachers with 5 years and below of period of office is higher than those with 6-10 years of period of office in the sub-dimension of disengagement.It can be recommended that increasing the compassion levels of the teachers in social and school life will have a positive effect on their relationships with students. It is also of higher importance to analyze other variables which are thought to positively affect compassion.

scholarly journals Overview of Air Pollution Assessment in Northern Europe (Lithuania) by Passive Diffusion Sampling

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Steigvilė Byčenkienė ◽  
Dalia Jasinevičienė ◽  
Donatas Perkauskas
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Pollution Assessment ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Air Pollution Assessment ◽  
The City

The regional air pollution study in Lithuania provided a comprehensive overview of air quality in Lithuania (in Vilnius (capital) and rest of territory) when 375 monitoring sites at different representative locations (urban, suburban, and residential) were equipped with diffusion samplers. The samples were analyzed for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration. The measurement results show that the mean concentrations of SO2 in all investigation sites during the study period did not exceed the annual limit value of 20.0 μg·m−3 and were below the lower assessment threshold value of 8.0 μg·m−3. The mean concentrations of NO2 in Vilnius agglomeration exceeded the annual limit value of 40 μg·m−3 at seven sites and in zone–at three sites with the intensive traffic flow, located near to highway. Comparison of SO2 and NO2 concentration levels was performed for 2004-2005 and 2010-2011. The level of nitrogen dioxide concentrations has decreased by 34, 26, 24, and 49% during the next six years in the city of Vilnius, and the concentration of SO2 in the air environment decreased by 40–60%.

scholarly journals Traffic Induced Noise Pollution and its Impact on Human Health in Chittagong City Corporation

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
MT Islam ◽  
N Nahar ◽  
MJ Islam ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
MAM Hossen
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Time Weighted Average ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Noise is one of the most pervasive environmental problems. Excessive noise has become one of the major concerning of urban life. Chittagong, the port city of Bangladesh, is one of the nosiest cities of the country. With economic development, the situation is expected to worsen farther. Motor vehicles are the principal source of noise pollution in the city. This study illustrates the level of noise pollution in Chittagong city corporation and its impacts on city dwellers. The noise level is measured at 25 locations of Chittagong city road areas. Time-weighted average noise levels have been measured at the roadside. From the study it was observed that the highest noise level in the roadside in Chittagong city was about 93dB found at AK Khan Circle and Agrabad circle, which far exceeded the acceptable limit of 60 dB set by the Government of Bangladesh. The level of noise pollution is closely related with traffic volume, particularly with the number of heavy vehicles like trucks, buses as well as auto rickshaw have been observed during the study. Questionnaire survey was done during the study to determine the health impacts on the city dwellers. Most of the common problems, the dweller suffering from noise pollution are headache, bad temper, sleeplessness, aggravation, hearing problems etc.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 37-40 2015

KONSEP DIRI “ I “ DAN “ME” TOKOH HIROKO DALAM NOVEL NAMAKU HIROKO KARYA NH.DINI

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Besin Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Fictional Character ◽  
Social Customs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

This research deals with the development of  self concept of Hiroko as the main character in Namaku Hiroko by Nh. Dini and tries to identify how Hiroko is portrayed in the story, how she interacts with other characters and whether she is portrayed as a character dominated by ”I” element or  ”Me”  element seen  from sociological and cultural point of view. As a qualitative research in nature, the source of data in this research is the novel Namaku Hiroko (1967) and the data ara analyzed and presented deductively. The result of this analysis shows that in the novel, Hiroko as a fictional character is  portrayed as a girl whose personality  develops and changes drastically from ”Me”  to ”I”. When she was still in the village  l iving with her parents, she was portrayed as a obedient girl who was loyal to the parents, polite and acted in accordance with the social customs. In short, her personality was dominated by ”Me”  self concept. On the other hand, when she moved to the city (Kyoto), she was portrayed as a wild girl  no longer controlled by the social customs. She was  firm and determined totake decisions of  her won  for her future without considering what other people would say about her. She did not want to be treated as object. To put it in another way, her personality is more dominated by the ”I” self concept.

KEBANGGAAN TERHADAP BATIK MADURA BAGI WARGA SUMENEP

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyida Sayyida ◽  
Nurdody Zakki
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Parametric Regression ◽  
Logit Function ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Level Of Risk ◽  
Non Parametric

Diversity of Indonesian Batik hanging area. One of the very well-known Indonesian batik is Batik Madura. Batik Madura has become a pride for Indonesia, especially for Madura. The purpose of the study is to model the Sumenep pride to Batik Madura and to see the level of risk or tendency of batik madura pride for the community group Sumenep. This research method uses a non parametric regression used a non-parametric regression because the dependent variable in this study is the variable Y are variables not normally distributed. The results of this study states that the level of risk of the village in Sumenep proud of batik is almost 5 times higher than the islands while people in this city who live in the district town at risk Sumenep proud of Batik Madura 8-fold compared to the archipelago. So it can be concluded that the city is much more proud of batik than those who reside in rural areas especially those who reside in the islands. This study uses data from 100 questionnaires were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The conclusion of this study is the pride of the batik model as follows: Function logistic regression / logit function: g (x) = 0,074 + 1,568X4(1)+2,159X4(2 this is case the islands as a comparison, X4(1)  is the place to stay in the village and X4(2)  is the place to stay in town, so the Model Opportunities p(x) = EXP(g(x))/1+EXP(g(x)).  Hopes for further research is to conduct research on the development of batik in an integrated region, the need to be disseminated to potential areas of particular potential in Madura batik, especially for residents who reside in the Islands.Keywords: Pride, Batik, Sumenep.

Evaluation of Road Utilisation as Space For Holding Social Ceremonies in Indigenous Residential Area of Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (March 2018) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Okanlawon ◽  
O.O Odunjo ◽  
S.A Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk — C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) copies of questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice. These were noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital; the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being; and level of acceptability of the practice which was found to be very unacceptable in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

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