The Effects of Intensive Postrelease Correctional Supervision on Recidivism: A Natural Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342199843
Author(s):  
Grant Duwe ◽  
Susan McNeeley
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Intensive Supervision ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
The Impact

In July 2018, the Minnesota Department of Corrections revised the criteria it uses to place soon-to-be-released prisoners on intensive supervision by shifting from mostly offense-based conditions to those based exclusively on risk. In doing so, this policy change provided a unique opportunity to evaluate not only the impact of intensive supervision on recidivism but also whether risk-based policies lead to better outcomes. Using Cox regression and negative binomial regression on a sample of 1,818 persons released in 2018, we found that intensive supervised release (ISR) significantly reduced the hazard for general, felony, and violent reoffending. We also found, however, that ISR significantly increased the risk of a technical violation revocation. The findings from our cost–benefit analysis showed that, despite the relatively high costs it incurred, ISR was a cost-effective intervention because it reduced reoffending for those with a higher risk of committing serious, violent crimes.

Preliminary Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for Safety Assist Technologies in ASEAN NCAP – Rationalizing the Impact to Road Safety for Malaysia’s Case

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 596-603
Author(s):  
Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi ◽  
Aqbal Hafeez Ariffin ◽  
Yahaya Ahmad ◽  
Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim ◽  
Norlen Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rating Scheme

The newly established New Car Assessment Program for Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP) has incorporated Safety Assist Technologies (SATs) in its automobile safety rating scheme. In order for any assessed car to be eligible for the maximum 5-star rating, it should first be equipped with Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and fitted with seatbelt reminder (SBR). However, since these SATs are not being evaluated in their performance by the means of field testing, this paper explains the benefit of having these SATs through Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) which help to rationalize the importance of SATs in preventing road accidents or mitigating severity of injuries. Due to data limitation, this preliminary CBA assessment will only be focusing on Malaysia’s situation and is based on published sources and the authors’ best estimates. This study also includes the Cost-Benefit Analysis on Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), which is the basis for ESC technology, in preparation for its inclusion in the future rating scheme to expedite the vision of making ABS as standard fit in all ASEAN’s passenger cars. The preliminary result shows that all technologies – ESC, SBR and ABS – appear to be cost-effective (benefit/cost-ratio > 3) or most likely cost effective (1 < benefit/cost-ratio < 3) in Malaysia’s road safety situation per se.

scholarly journals 239 Setting Bones and Getting Home: The Impact of a New Orthogeriatric Service

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii17-iii65
Author(s):  
Robert Murphy ◽  
Catriona Reddin ◽  
Aoife Dempsey ◽  
Bláithín Kissane ◽  
Ruairi Waters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Orthopaedic Ward ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Orthogeriatric services have been shown to improve quality of care for older patients post hip fracture and have an impact on length of stay (LOS), both acutely and in the rehab setting(1) but other key performance indicators (KPIs) have not been examined in detail. Methods Data was prospectively collected on all hip fracture patients seen by the Orthogeriatric service from Aug 2018-Feb 2019 and was retrospectively compared with patients admitted with hip fractures from Aug 2017-Feb 2018. We examined KPIs including LOS on the orthopaedic ward, rehab admissions, rehab LOS, new nursing home (NH) admissions. We compared the proportions discharged directly home instead of to convalescence, and conducted a preliminary cost benefit analysis. Results Similar numbers of patients were seen in each time period (n=146 v n=139). Mean reduction in LOS on the orthopedic ward was 3.5 days (15.5 days vs 19 days). The proportion of patients admitted to rehabilitation increased from 8.8% to 17.5% (p = 0.02). Patients got to rehabilitation faster and for those patients who availed of rehabilitation they had significantly shorter total length of stays (51.1 days vs 71.6 days, p=0.029). Fewer patients went to convalescence. Although not statistically significant there was a trend towards an increased proportion of patients discharged directly home (32.7% to 43.6%) and less new nursing home admissions (6.8% vs 8.4%). A cost benefit analysis incorporating shortened acute and rehab LOS and a reduction in spending on convalescence resulted in a projected saving of €480,390 over a six month period. Conclusion Introduction of OrthoGeriatric services has improved care for older people with hip fractures and has resulted in positive improvements to KPIs, resulting in meaningful improvements in clinical outcomes for patients in a cost effective manner. Monies saved should be redirected into further developing orthogeriatric services.

Cost-effective upgrading of the Arnsberg WWTP by post denitrification with a moving bed system

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
N. Jardin ◽  
L. Rath ◽  
A. Sabin ◽  
F. Schmitt ◽  
D. Thöle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Sludge Hydrolysis ◽  
Effective Integration

On the basis of a cost-benefit analysis it was decided to expand the Arnsberg WWTP by a multistage biological process which allows for cost-effective integration of the existing facilities. Carbon removal will then be accomplished in a high-loaded activated sludge stage for which the existing primary clarifier is to be reconstructed. The existing trickling filters will be used for nitrification during a midterm period and will be replaced later on either by a moving bed system or by new trickling filters. Line 3 of the existing secondary clarifiers will be reconstructed and used for post denitrification in a moving bed system. The carbon needed for denitrification will be provided by means of sludge hydrolysis and the use of an external carbon source.

Application of a Tax to E-Commerce Deliveries in Barcelona

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110124
Author(s):  
Genís Majoral ◽  
Francesc Gasparín ◽  
Sergi Saurí
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The Impact

The number of e-commerce transactions is increasing worldwide. Deliveries of goods purchased online generate externalities throughout the whole supply chain and, particularly, the increasing concern about the last-mile distribution of goods. The escalating presence of vans in cities contributes to poor air quality, climate change, noise, and congestion. So far, the majority of solutions to address this issue are based on the supply side, such as electric vans, optimizing the routing and pick-up-points, and so forth. Even in other transport sectors, pricing solutions are well known, yet they have not been extended to e-commerce delivery. This paper aims to propose an environmental tax falling on the demand side and equaling the externalities from this activity. The analysis has been particularized for the case of Barcelona. A cost–benefit analysis to assess the impact of such a tax has been carried out. When revenue collection is reinvested in the logistics sector, and for subsidizing electric distribution vehicles, the results indicate that the levying of the tax can generate positive outcomes.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Korea: a cost–benefit analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e004292
Author(s):  
Jung Ho Kim ◽  
Jiyeon Suh ◽  
Woon Ji Lee ◽  
Heun Choi ◽  
Jong-Dae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundRapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for diagnosing Plasmodium vivax malaria, especially in resource-limited countries. However, the impact of RDTs on P. vivax malaria incidence and national medical costs has not been evaluated. We assessed the impact of RDT implementation on P. vivax malaria incidence and overall medical expenditures in South Korea and performed a cost–benefit analysis from the payer’s perspective.MethodsWe developed a dynamic compartmental model for P. vivax malaria transmission in South Korea using delay differential equations. Long latency and seasonality were incorporated into the model, which was calibrated to civilian malaria incidences during 2014–2018. We then estimated averted malaria cases and total medical costs from two diagnostic scenarios: microscopy only and both microscopy and RDTs. Medical costs were extracted based on data from a hospital in an at-risk area for P. vivax malaria and were validated using Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service data. We conducted a cost–benefit analysis of RDTs using the incremental benefit:cost ratio (IBCR) considering only medical costs and performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis to reflect the uncertainties of model parameters, costs and benefits.ResultsThe results showed that 55.3% of new P. vivax malaria cases were averted, and $696 214 in medical costs was saved over 10 years after RDT introduction. The estimated IBCR was 2.5, indicating that RDT implementation was beneficial, compared with microscopy alone. The IBCR was sensitive to the diagnosis time reduction, infectious period and short latency period, and provided beneficial results in a benefit over $10.6 or RDT cost under $39.7.ConclusionsThe model simulation suggested that RDTs could significantly reduce P. vivax malaria incidence and medical costs. Moreover, cost–benefit analysis demonstrated that the introduction of RDTs was beneficial over microscopy alone. These results support the need for widespread adoption of RDTs.

Evaluation of Strategies to Mitigate Culvert-Involved Crashes

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199207
Author(s):  
Hitesh Chawla ◽  
Megat-Usamah Megat-Johari ◽  
Peter T. Savolainen ◽  
Christopher M. Day
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Roadside Safety ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Annual Average Daily Traffic ◽  
Binomial Regression

The objectives of this study were to assess the in-service safety performance of roadside culverts and evaluate the potential impacts of installing various safety treatments to mitigate the severity of culvert-involved crashes. Such crashes were identified using standard fields on police crash report forms, as well as through a review of pertinent keywords from the narrative section of these forms. These crashes were then linked to the nearest cross-drainage culvert, which was associated with the nearest road segment. A negative binomial regression model was then estimated to discern how the risk of culvert-involved crashes varied as a function of annual average daily traffic, speed limit, number of travel lanes, and culvert size and offset. The second stage of the analysis involved the use of the Roadside Safety Analysis Program to estimate the expected crash costs associated with various design contexts. A series of scenarios were evaluated, culminating in guidance as to the most cost-effective treatments for different combinations of roadway geometric and traffic characteristics. The results of this study provide an empirical model that can be used to predict the risk of culvert-involved crashes under various scenarios. The findings also suggest that the installation of safety grates on culvert openings provides a promising alternative for most of the cases where the culvert is located within the clear zone. In general, a guardrail is recommended when adverse conditions are present or when other treatments are not feasible at a specific location.

scholarly journals Impacts of Coal Railroad Transportation Project on GDP Promotion and Unemployment Reduction in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 02-24
Author(s):  
PAULUS KURNIAWAN ◽  
KEMBAR SRI BUDHI ◽  
SUYANA UTAMA ◽  
MAHAENDRA YASA
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Railroad System ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact

massive, advanced and integrated railroad system for coal transportation (referred to hereafter as ?Project?) from Muara Enim, Sumatra Selatan Province to the new coal port at Pulau Baai, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia is developed by a private investor together with the local government (PEMDA) of Bengkulu Province to make the best use of abundant coal resources in the region. This paper analyzes the impact of this Project on the Bengkulu economy, which is currently considered low. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is adopted as the economic indicator. The study combines the theories of export base and economic base, economic and regional developments, cost-benefit analysis and economic impact study with the empirical data. The results show the Project?s financial feasibility with Cost-Benefit Ratio of 1.61, Internal Rate of Return of 21.1% and Payback Period of 5 years, which will provide a significant contribution to the Bengkulu GDP growth and a decrease of 821,600 people among the unemployed.

Illustrating the Monetary Impact of Transportation Projects/Alternatives using the Values of Travel Time and Travel Time Reliability

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (51) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata R. Duddu ◽  
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha ◽  
Praveena Penmetsa
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Travel Time Reliability ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
The Impact

State agencies, regional agencies, cities, towns, and local municipalities design and maintain transportation systems for the benefit of users by improving mobility, reducing travel time, and enhancing safety. Cost–benefit analysis based on travel time savings and the value of reliability helps these agencies in prioritizing transportation projects or when evaluating transportation alternatives. This paper illustrates the use of monetary values of travel time savings and travel time reliability, computed for the state of North Carolina, to help assess the impact of transportation projects or alternatives. The results obtained indicate that, based on the illustration of the effect and impact of various transportation projects or alternatives, both improved travel time and reliability on roads yield significant monetary benefits. However, from cost–benefit analysis, it is observed that greater benefits can be achieved through improved reliability compared with benefits from a decrease in travel time for a given section of road.

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