Polyphenylene sulfide- expanded graphite nanocomposites

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
BTS Ramanujam ◽  
S Radhakrishnan ◽  
SD Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Percolation Threshold ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Polyphenylene Sulfide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Graphite Nanosheets ◽  
Electrical Percolation ◽  
Scanning Electron Microcopy

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)-expanded graphite (ExGr) conducting nanocomposites have been prepared by powder mixing and in situ polymerization routes after sonicating ExGr particles in acetone. Synthesized PPS has been used to make powder mixed composites. The powder mixed composites exhibit a percolation threshold of 3 wt% due to the formation of graphite nanosheets. When PPS-ExGr composites are prepared by in situ polymerization route, very low electrical percolation threshold less than 0.5 wt% ExGr is obtained. The low percolation threshold obtained is attributed to better dispersion of ExGr nanosheets in the polymer matrix when compared to powder mixed composites. The synthesized PPS has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. The formation of graphite nanosheets has been confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microcopy analysis.

Preparation and Characteristic of PSMA/EG Composite Materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 1951-1954
Author(s):  
Gui Xiang Hou ◽  
Hai Ning Na ◽  
Xiao Ming Sang
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature Oxidation ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Nanosheets ◽  
Composite Granules

Graphite nanosheets prepared through high-temperature oxidation via powdering the expanded graphite. After soaking the expanded graphite with styrene(S) and maleic anhydride(MA) monomers, the polymer (Poly(S-co-MA))/expanded graphite(EG) (PSMA/EG) composite granules were obtained by in situ polymerization. Light microscope，scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction characterization were performed. SEM analysis indicate that the expanded graphite was mostly tore to sheets with thickness of 50–80 nm and with diameter of 1μm. Optical micrographs showed that the distribution of graphite platelets is found to be nearly uniform.

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Flame Retarded MCA-PA6 Resin by In Situ Polymerization

2011 ◽  
Vol 399-401 ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Qian Mu ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Zhi Han Peng
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Maximum Mass Loss

In this paper, a novel flame retarded MCA-PA6 (PA6 incorporated with melamine cyanurate) resin was synthesized by in-situ polymerization. The synthetic product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and elemental analysis. The result showed that good dispersability were obtained in MCA-based PA6 prepared successfully. Meanwhile, the maximum mass loss rate appeared at about 450 °C and the residual char increased from 1.2 wt% to 3.2 wt% at 500 °C due to the existence of MCA.This research revealed MCA-PA6 owned a good thermal stability, hence there was potential flame retardance.

On polyamide 6-montmorillonite nanocomposites obtained by in-situ polymerization

e-Polymers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orietta Monticelli ◽  
Zenfira Musina ◽  
Francesca Ghigliotti ◽  
Saverio Russo ◽  
Valerio Causin
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Layered Silicates ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Restricted Mobility

AbstractNanocomposites based on polyamide 6 (PA6) and montmorillonite-type (MMT) commercial clays, either unmodified or organically modified, were prepared by in-situ polymerization of ε-caprolactam (CL). The above materials were characterized in detail by a number of experimental techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The formation of nanostructured systems was checked not only for the commonly used ω-aminoacid-modified clay, but also for other types of organoclays. In general, a correlation was found between nanoscopic swelling of the clay in molten CL, measured by X-ray diffraction, and level of clay dispersion in PA6. Specifically, with the most swellable clays, completely exfoliated nanocomposites were obtained. However, also layered silicates modified by compatibilizers having carboxy groups, because of the active role of latter in CL polymerization, formed delaminated nanocomposites despite their low degree of swelling in CL monomer. Both molecular mass and crystallinity of the polyamide matrix were found to be strongly influenced by the presence of specific layered silicates. In particular, some characterization techniques (WAXD, FTIR) have evidenced a close relationship between the MMT used and PA6 crystal structure. Namely, PA6 γ-form is promoted by clay with compatibilizer bearing the carboxy group, which is able to induce the polymer to be tethered on the silicate layers, thus provoking conditions of restricted mobility to occur.

Preparation of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites with Microwave Process

2006 ◽  
Vol 317-318 ◽  
pp. 669-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.H. Kim ◽  
Seong Soo Park ◽  
B.S. Jun ◽  
Jong Kook Lee ◽  
Kyu Hong Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Layered Silicate ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Inorganic Nanocomposites ◽  
Microwave Process

Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposities were prepared by in situ polymerization with microwave process. The influence of the amount of clay on the structure and thermal properties for the synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the structure of nanocomposites, an intercalated/exfoliated structure, depended on the clay content.

scholarly journals The effect of attapulgite on crystallization behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Attapulgite (AT) nano composites

e-Polymers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Xufen ◽  
Chen Dajun
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Nucleating Agent ◽  
Avrami Equation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene

AbstractPoly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Attapulgite (AT) nanocomposites were prepared via in-situ polymerization. According to the observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attapulgite is well dispersed in the PET matrix in a nanometer scale. The influence of attapulgite content on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics was studied using a classical Avrami equation with Jeziorny method. The crystalline structures of the pure PET and PET/AT nanocomposites with different amount of AT (0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. It was found that the crystallization temperature for PET/AT nanocomposites with 0.2% and 0.5% content of AT were higher than pure PET and the rate of crystallization of all PET/AT nanocomposite samples increased significantly which indicated that attapulgite could be used as an effective nucleating agent in PET. However, with the addition of AT, smaller crystalline size, more crystalline defects and lower degree of crystallization was demonstrated.

Preparation and Thermal Properties of Novolac Resin/Graphite Nanosheet Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Peng Cao ◽  
Shu Hua Qi ◽  
Sha Sha Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Novolac Resin ◽  
Graphite Nanosheets ◽  
Graphite Nanosheet ◽  
Thermal Conducting

In this study, a high thermal conductivity novolac resin /graphite nanosheet composite have been prepared via in situ polymerization at the presence of sonicated expanded graphite. Graphite nanosheets prepared via powering the expanded graphite had a thickness ranging 10~100 nm and a diameter range 5~10μm and were excellent nanofiller for the fabrication of polymer/graphite nanocomposite. Scanning election microscopy was used to characterize the structure and dispersion of the graphite nanosheets and the composites. The results showed that the structure of the nanosheets played an important role in forming thermal conducting network in the novolac resin matrix.

Characterization of a polyaniline/pre-oxidized fiber felt electromagnetic wave absorbing composite

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110519
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Yuanjun Liu ◽  
Xiaoming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Protonation Reaction ◽  
Toluenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Absorbing Property

Firstly, a polyaniline/pre-oxidized fiber felt composite was prepared by in situ polymerization using pre-oxidized fiber felt as the substrate, aniline as the monomer, ammonium persulfate as the oxidant, and p-toluenesulfonic acid as the dopant. Secondly, the electromagnetic wave absorbing property and tensile property of the polyaniline/pre-oxidized fiber felt composite were investigated. Finally, the structure and composition were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the reflection loss of the polyaniline/pre-oxidized fiber felt composite is the smallest at the 3000 MHz frequency, reaching –8.23 dB, and the average surface resistance is 2059.84 Ω, with good conductivity. The characterization analysis shows that polyaniline has been successfully loaded on the pre-oxidized fiber felt, and the protonation reaction occurs at the nitrogen atom on the imine -N-. The polyaniline structure is doped by p-toluenesulfonic acid with a certain degree of order and crystallinity, and the composite has good thermal stability.

Preparation and characterization of conducting nylon 6 fibers

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2728-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Saritha Chandran ◽  
Sunil K. Narayanankutty
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Etching Time ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray

Conducting nylon 6 fibers were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline on to the fiber surface, after providing a chemical etching treatment to the fibers using chromic acid. The properties of the etched and polyaniline (PANI) coated fibers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Though the etching process caused a marginal decline in the mechanical properties of the fiber, it provided a reasonably rough surface for PANI adhesion and enhanced the conductivity of the fiber. The conductivity increased from 4.22 × 10−2 to 3.72 × 10−1 S/cm at an etching time of 4 h.

Activated Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon/Reduced Expanded Graphite Composites for Supercapacitors

2011 ◽  
Vol 211-212 ◽  
pp. 440-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Hui Tong ◽  
Chuan Li Qin ◽  
Zheng Jin ◽  
Xue Song Wang ◽  
Xu Duo Bai
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Material ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Mechanical Mixture ◽  
Electrochemical Measurements ◽  
Electrochemical Performances ◽  
Cycle Stability ◽  
Symmetric Supercapacitor ◽  
Graphite Composites

Activated nitrogen-enriched carbon/reduced expanded graphite composites (ANC/REG-c) with different composite ratio were prepared by in-situ polymerization, carbonization, activation and reduction of aniline and expanded graphite. These were characterized by XPS, SEM and electrochemical measurements. XPS shows that N atoms exist in the ANC and ANC/REG-c. Compared to mechanical mixture of ANC and REG(ANC/REG-m), ANC/REG-c shows lower resistance and higherCp1(185.4 F/g) vs 124.3 F/g of ANC/REG-m measured by CV due to the introduction of the composite sturcture. When the composite ratio of ANC/REG-c is 6:1, the ANC/REG-c shows the highestCp1(264.0 F/g) and its symmetric supercapacitor also shows the best synthetical electrochemical performances. The optimal supercapacitor presents good cycle stability. ANC/REG-c is a suitable electrode material for supercapacitors.

A study on the kinetics and thermal properties of polystyrene/diatomite nanocomposites prepared via in situ ATRP

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khezrollah Khezri ◽  
Yousef Fazli
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

Pristine mesoporous diatomite was employed to prepare polystyrene/diatomite composites. Diatomite platelets were used for in situ polymerization of styrene by atom transfer radical polymerization to synthesize tailor-made polystyrene nanocomposites. X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed for evaluating some inherent properties of pristine diatomite platelets. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm is applied to examine surface area and structural characteristics of the diatomite platelets. Evaluation of pore size distribution and morphological studies were also performed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Conversion and molecular weight determinations were carried out using gas and size exclusion chromatography, respectively. Linear increase of ln ( M0/M) with time for all the samples shows that polymerization proceeds in a living manner. Addition of 3 wt% pristine mesoporous diatomite leads to an increase of conversion from 72% to 89%. Molecular weight of polystyrene chains increases from 11,326 g mol−1 to 14134 g mol−1 with the addition of 3 wt% pristine mesoporous diatomite; however, polydispersity index values increases from 1.13 to 1.38. Increasing thermal stability of the nanocomposites is demonstrated by TGA. Differential scanning calorimetry shows an increase in glass transition temperature from 81.9°C to 87.1°C by adding 3 wt% of mesoporous diatomite platelets.

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