Polydimethylsiloxane as a Tooth Surface-Bound Carrier of Triclosan: a New Concept in Chemical Plaque Inhibition

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rølla ◽  
J.E. Ellingsen ◽  
D. Gaare
Keyword(s):  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
Low Solubility

Polydimethylsiloxane (silicone oil) has an extremely low surface tension: It spreads over solid surfaces and forms a tenacious film which is hydrophobic and water-repellent. It is known that this liquid binds to hydroxyapatite and to dental enamel and changes the properties of these solids. It has been suggested that silicone oil may be applied to teeth and serve as a reservoir of lipid-soluble antibacterial substances which presumably will be slowly released into saliva due to their low solubility in water. The present paper reviews recent papers where this hypothesis is tested in vitro and in vivo. It was first shown that test tubes treated with the combination silicone oil and the lipid-soluble agent triclosan acquired a layer which inhibited bacterial growth in a culture of Streptococcus sobrinus (OMZ 176) which was grown in sucrose. Both growth in the medium and polysaccharide adsorption to the glass wall were inhibited. Silicone oil alone inhibited polysaccharide adsorption to some degree, whereas the growth in the medium was not affected. In a similar clinical plaque-inhibition study, topical application of silicone oil/triclosan to the teeth of a test panel showed marked plaque inhibition, particularly giving an increased number of teeth with scores of 0 (no plaque). In a study where silicone oil and triclosan were incorporated into a toothpaste, improved gingival health was observed after a period of one month. It is concluded that the use of silicone oil/ triclosan in the manner described above represents a new principle in preventive dentistry. The results obtained seem to warrant further experiments with this combination.

Nanoscale Characterisation of Salivary Pellicle

2004 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle E. Dickinson ◽  
Adrian B. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Oral Physiology ◽  
Salivary Pellicle ◽  
Initial Adsorption ◽  
Dietary Agents

ABSTRACTSalivary pellicle is an organic biofilm formed by the physisorption of proteins and carbohydrates onto the surface of dental enamel exposed to the oral environment. The pellicle has several key roles in oral physiology including lubrication and reduction of friction between teeth during mastication, as well as chemical protection of the enamel against acidic solutions. However, pellicle proteins are known to react with dietary compounds to cause extrinsic staining on the tooth surface.In this study, nanoindentation and AFM have been used in vitro to examine the acquired salivary pellicle formed in vivo on dental enamel. The mechanical properties, growth, structure and morphology of pellicle grown in vivo on human enamel surfaces have been analysed. In addition, the effects of dietary agents such as polyphenols on the pellicle's morphology and properties have been studied.It was found that initial adsorption of proteins on the enamel surface occurred within 30 seconds of exposure to the oral cavity, with full growth achieved within 2 hours. Differences in the properties of the pellicles such as surface adhesion, and time dependent effects due to polyphenol interaction were measured using nanoindentation. It was seen that the polyphenol interaction has a significant effect on these properties. These results suggest that the stained pellicle is mechanically stiffer, but also less viscous and more fluid like. This could explain why traditional tooth brushing techniques do not efficiently remove this layer.

Nanoscale Characterisation of Salivary Pellicle

2004 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle E. Dickinso ◽  
Adrian B. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Oral Physiology ◽  
Salivary Pellicle ◽  
Initial Adsorption ◽  
Dietary Agents

AbstractSalivary pellicle is an organic biofilm formed by the physisorption of proteins and carbohydrates onto the surface of dental enamel exposed to the oral environment. The pellicle has several key roles in oral physiology including lubrication and reduction of friction between teeth during mastication, as well as chemical protection of the enamel against acidic solutions. However, pellicle proteins are known to react with dietary compounds to cause extrinsic staining on the tooth surface.In this study, nanoindentation and AFM have been used in vitro to examine the acquired salivary pellicle formed in vivo on dental enamel. The mechanical properties, growth, structure and morphology of pellicle grown in vivo on human enamel surfaces have been analysed. In addition, the effects of dietary agents such as polyphenols on the pellicle's morphology and properties have been studied.It was found that initial adsorption of proteins on the enamel surface occurred within 30 seconds of exposure to the oral cavity, with full growth achieved within 2 hours. Differences in the properties of the pellicles such as surface adhesion, and time dependent effects due to polyphenol interaction were measured using nanoindentation. It was seen that the polyphenol interaction has a significant effect on these properties. These results suggest that the stained pellicle is mechanically stiffer, but also less viscous and more fluid like. This could explain why traditional tooth brushing techniques do not efficiently remove this layer.

scholarly journals Ocular Delivery of Polyphenols: Meeting the Unmet Needs

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Luna Krstić ◽  
María J. González-García ◽  
Yolanda Diebold
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Structural Peculiarities ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Ocular Therapy

Nature has become one of the main sources of exploration for researchers that search for new potential molecules to be used in therapy. Polyphenols are emerging as a class of compounds that have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical and biomedical scientists. Thanks to their structural peculiarities, polyphenolic compounds are characterized as good scavengers of free radical species. This, among other medicinal effects, permits them to interfere with different molecular pathways that are involved in the inflammatory process. Unfortunately, many compounds of this class possess low solubility in aqueous solvents and low stability. Ocular pathologies are spread worldwide. It is estimated that every individual at least once in their lifetime experiences some kind of eye disorder. Oxidative stress or inflammatory processes are the basic etiological mechanisms of many ocular pathologies. A variety of polyphenolic compounds have been proved to be efficient in suppressing some of the indicators of these pathologies in in vitro and in vivo models. Further application of polyphenolic compounds in ocular therapy lacks an adequate formulation approach. Therefore, more emphasis should be put in advanced delivery strategies that will overcome the limits of the delivery site as well as the ones related to the polyphenols in use. This review analyzes different drug delivery strategies that are employed for the formulation of polyphenolic compounds when used to treat ocular pathologies related to oxidative stress and inflammation.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Curcumol Nanosuspension against H22 Tumor

2014 ◽  
Vol 998-999 ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Zhi Ping Wang ◽  
Jun Biao Wu ◽  
Qun Zhou ◽  
Hua Fan ◽  
Yi Fei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Issue ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Antitumor Efficacy ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Natural Remedy ◽  
Rhizoma Curcumae ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
A Current

Hepatocarcinoma, a malignant cancer, threaten human life badly. It is a current issue to seek the effective natural remedy from plant to treat cancer due to the resistence of the advanced hepatocarcinoma to chemotherapy. Curcumol (Cur), a novel compound extracted from rhizoma curcumae, exhibits various anticancer activities and can be treat hepatocarcinoma. However, the low solubility hinders development. We evaluate both thein vitroandin vivoantitumor activity of Cur-nanosuspension (Cur-N) relative to efficacy of bulk Cur. Cur-N with a particle size of 231.2 ± 7.2 nm and a zeta potential of −27.3 ± 0.6 mV, prepared by the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. CCK-8 assay showed that Cur-N effectively inhibited the proliferation of H22 cells.In vivostudies also showed higher antitumor efficacy against H22 solid tumor bearing mice. These results suggest that the delivery of Cur-N is a promising approach for treating tumors.

scholarly journals Acidogenic Potential of “Sugar-Free” Cough Drops

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Mayo ◽  
John R Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
The Self ◽  
Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽  
Culture Ph ◽  
Produce Acid

A patient presented with extensive marginal ditching around restorations recently placed during whole-mouth rehabilitation. The patient was not xerostomic and was otherwise normal except for the self-reported excessive use of “sugar-free” cough drops sweetened with sorbitol and Isomalt® (an equimolar mix of glucosyl-mannitol and glucosylsorbitol). This prompted anin vitroinvestigation to determine whetherStreptococcus sobrinus6715, a cariogenic streptococcus, could grow and produce acid in growth medium containing an aqueous extract of such “sugar-free” cough drops. The results indicate thatS. sobrinus6715 uses Isomalt® and sorbitol extensively, producing terminal culture pH as low as 4.2 when grown on medium with cough drop extract containing these sugars. This pH is sufficient to demineralize dental enamel. Patients should be cautioned against the chronic overuse of “sugar-free” cough drops and other “sugar-free” confections sweetened with a mixture of Isomalt® and sorbitol.

scholarly journals BCS Class IV Oral Drugs and Absorption Windows: Regional-Dependent Intestinal Permeability of Furosemide

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
Milica Markovic ◽  
Moran Zur ◽  
Inna Ragatsky ◽  
Sandra Cvijić ◽  
Arik Dahan
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Oral Drugs ◽  
Absorption Window ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Class Iv

Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IV drugs (low-solubility low-permeability) are generally poor drug candidates, yet, ~5% of oral drugs on the market belong to this class. While solubility is often predictable, intestinal permeability is rather complicated and highly dependent on many biochemical/physiological parameters. In this work, we investigated the solubility/permeability of BCS class IV drug, furosemide, considering the complexity of the entire small intestine (SI). Furosemide solubility, physicochemical properties, and intestinal permeability were thoroughly investigated in-vitro and in-vivo throughout the SI. In addition, advanced in-silico simulations (GastroPlus®) were used to elucidate furosemide regional-dependent absorption pattern. Metoprolol was used as the low/high permeability class boundary. Furosemide was found to be a low-solubility compound. Log D of furosemide at the three pH values 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 (representing the conditions throughout the SI) showed a downward trend. Similarly, segmental-dependent in-vivo intestinal permeability was revealed; as the intestinal region becomes progressively distal, and the pH gradually increases, the permeability of furosemide significantly decreased. The opposite trend was evident for metoprolol. Theoretical physicochemical analysis based on ionization, pKa, and partitioning predicted the same trend and confirmed the experimental results. Computational simulations clearly showed the effect of furosemide’s regional-dependent permeability on its absorption, as well as the critical role of the drug’s absorption window on the overall bioavailability. The data reveals the absorption window of furosemide in the proximal SI, allowing adequate absorption and consequent effect, despite its class IV characteristics. Nevertheless, this absorption window so early on in the SI rules out the suitability of controlled-release furosemide formulations, as confirmed by the in-silico results. The potential link between segmental-dependent intestinal permeability and adequate oral absorption of BCS Class IV drugs may aid to develop challenging drugs as successful oral products.

The Role of Albumin in Developing Rodent Dental Enamel: A Possible Explanation for White Spot Hypoplasia

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robinson ◽  
J. Kirkham ◽  
S.J. Brookes ◽  
R.C. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Crystallite Growth

The uptake of serum albumin by maturation-stage rodent enamel and the resulting effects on the growth of enamel crystallites were investigated in vitro. Albumin uptake was demonstrated by means of gel electrophoresis and confirmed by Western blotting with use of monoclonal antibodies. Measurement of crystal size was carried out by direct TEM measurement of enamel crystallite outlines after incubations in metastable solutions of calcium phosphate. The ability of endogenous enamel enzymes to degrade albumin was investigated by substrate-specific zymography. The results showed that albumin could be taken up by maturation-stage enamel and produce inhibition of crystallite growth. There was no detectable proteolytic activity in the enamel against albumin substrate, which suggests that albumin entering enamel by extravasation in vivo may produce incomplete tissue maturation, resulting in a white, opaque appearance on eruption.

In vitro Comparative Study on the Effect of Carbonated Beverages on Dental Enamel

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2823-2828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Florentina Biclesanu ◽  
Stefan Manea ◽  
Oana Alexandrescu ◽  
Dawod Nazem ◽  
Anna Maria Pangica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Nail Polish ◽  
Enamel Erosion ◽  
Structural Loss ◽  
Bacterial Plaque

In recent decades, significant worldwide increase in the consumption of acidic beverages, such as soft drinks and fresh fruit extended to all categories of consumers but especially to young people. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect of some of the most consumed beverages on dental enamel in order to draw an alarm signal. The study was performed in vitro on 18 extracted teeth. Half of the coronary enamel was covered with a nail polish, then the teeth were submerged in hermetic containers with the most commonly used beverages: Coca Cola, sugar-free Coca Cola, orange juice, red wine, green tea, Red Bull for one hour, one day, 3 days and 7 days. Evaluation of the samples at one hour, one day and 3 days was performed by examination at the optical microscope. After 7 days, the insulating nail polish was removed and the microstructure of the enamel exposed and not exposed to acidic action, was examined under the scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Results showed that because of the high acidity of the beverages used in the study, the surface of the enamel showed prisms changes, structural loss of the enamel, which can lead to cracks and structural disintegration with the reduction of the physical and mechanical properties of the enamel. The results obtained in this in vitro study should be reinterpreted and associated with the in vivo situation where biological factors such as bacterial plaque and saliva buffering capacity are likely to reduce the potential for erosion of beverages. Consequently, enamel erosion may be lower compared to the measurements found in this study.

Solubility and bioavailability studies of limestone sources with layers.

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
M.A. Tion ◽  
P.C. Njoku ◽  
S.O. Ogundipe
Keyword(s):  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
High Bioavailability ◽  
Low Solubility

Six limestone sources, oystershell, bone meal and dicalcium phosphate were tested for solu and bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro solubility, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 gram of each som was reacted with 100, 50, 25mls of 12N HCl respectively for 30 minutes. The in vivo bioavai. utilized fasted laying chickens, which were force fed 3. Og calcium from each source. Faecal Pain lasted for 48 hours. Calcium was determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Result vitro solubility test indicated high solubility rate for dicalcium phosphate (78.9%). Other 5:1:4 produced low solubility values below 40% except for bone ineal. Limestone sources were simi,-:: oystershell. The in vivo bioavailability values of local sources (limestone, oystershell and me meal) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (87% - 92%) than the imported dicalcium phosa (84.0%). Low solubility of local sources resulted in longer retention time in the GIT, which :-2: the "metering out" effect that produced high bioavailability mean values observed in this Oystershell is universally accepted as a good calcium source for layers. The tested limestone sur was similar to oystershell. It was concluded that any of the sources tested can be used in arz close proximity without fear of adverse effect. 

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