A Novel Drug Delivery System: Floating Microspheres in the Development of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

Gastric emptying is a complicated process in the human body because it is very inconstant, resulting in ambiguous in vivo drug delivery system efficacy. To combat this variability, scientists have been working on developing a regulated medication delivery system with a long gastric residence period. This review article on gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) focuses on numerous gastroretentive approaches that have recently emerged as a leading methodology in the field of site-specific orally administered controlled release drug administration. Gastroretentive medicines come in a variety of forms on the market, including tablets, granules, capsules, floating microspheres, laminated films, and powders. Floating microspheres are currently garnering more attention than previous techniques because of their benefits, which include more consistent drug absorption and a lower risk of local discomfort. The primary goal of this method is to increase gastric retention time in the GIT, which is defined as more than 12 hours in the stomach with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. Longer stomach retention improves bioavailability, reduces drug waste, and boosts solubility for medications that are less soluble in a high pH environment. The medicines are released into the stomach for a long time and consistently thanks to the floating microsphere systems. The current study compiles the most recent research on the techniques of production, characterization, and numerous aspects that impact the performance of floating microspheres for oral administration.

Future outlook hydrodynamic drug delivery system of solid oral dosage form: Review

Over the last few years, therapeutic efficacy of drugs that have poor bioavailability or narrow absorption window have challenged the pharmaceutical industry. In this framework, many Hydrodynamic Balance System (HBS) also known as Gastro retentive dosage forms (GRDFs) have been used to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Such drug have a narrow absorption window, are unstable at higher pH, are soluble in acidic conditions, and are local effect in the gastric-part. The drug development with recent technology of various novel polymeric-based gastroretentive drug delivery technologies that may regulate the bioavailability and extend time of therapeutic efficacy of such drugs. Our focus on the significance of in vitro study and in vivo evaluation parameters of various HBS drugs along with their applications. This study provides a promising platform for advantages and guide formulation of HBS dosage form were covered in detail.

Gastroretentive Technologies in Tandem with Controlled-Release Strategies: A Potent Answer to Oral Drug Bioavailability and Patient Compliance Implications

There have been many efforts to improve oral drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. A variety of controlled-release oral delivery systems have been developed to meet these needs. Gastroretentive drug delivery technologies have the potential to achieve retention of the dosage form in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that can be sufficient to ensure complete solubilisation of the drugs in the stomach fluids, followed by subsequent absorption in the stomach or proximal small intestine. This can be beneficial for drugs that have an “absorption window” or are absorbed to a different extent in various segments of the GIT. Therefore, gastroretentive technologies in tandem with controlled-release strategies could enhance both the therapeutic efficacy of many drugs and improve patient compliance through a reduction in dosing frequency. The paper reviews different gastroretentive drug delivery technologies and controlled-release strategies that can be combined and summarises examples of formulations currently in clinical development and commercially available gastroretentive controlled-release products. The different parameters that need to be considered and monitored during formulation development for these pharmaceutical applications are highlighted.

Gastro-Retentive as Most Promising Drug Delivery System

The aim of any research work is to find the complications associated with the drug or formulation and find the conclusion of what can be the best possible way to solve them. It has been observed that drugs with short half-life, pH-dependent solubility and having absorption window in upper part of GIT forms good drug candidate for gastro retentive system. Since the formulation reside at a particular site and releases the drug in a controlled manner. In this review article, we have focussed on a thorough understanding on the gastric region, which helped in selecting drugs, various types of gastro retentive systems, new outcomes from recent literature, and important evaluation parameters to attain formulation objective and various marketed products available.

A Recent Update on Intranasal Delivery of High Molecular Weight Proteins, Peptides, and Hormones

: Proteins and hormones have a wide range of therapeutic uses that have emerged throughout the years. The increase in their clinical application nowadays have outgrown the need to deliver these macromolecules without deterioration and ease of administration, therefore nasal delivery has proven to be the most useful tool. Despite the obstacles, smart polymers, nasal enhancers, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and computational modelling tools have all been used to increase the residence time and absorption window in the nasal route.In this review, we have highlighted the systemic delivery of macromolecules such as protein and hormones which can also be delivered via nose-to-brain through various transportation pathways. This has proved to be beneficial in the treatment of several neurological disorders like brain tumors, Alzheimer's, Ischemic stroke, etc. Except for the marketed preparation and patents, several other drugs are still under clinical trials. We also like to conclude that many of the newer proteins and hormones are still under developmental stages for which nasal delivery will be a boon in administering these newer molecules as well.

Floating Drug Delivery System

Floating drug delivery system (FDDS) helps to improve the buoyancy property of the drug over the gastric fluids and hence maintain the longer duration of action. It is helpful in minimizing the dosing frequency. The density of dosage form must be less than the density of gastric contents (1.004 gm/ml) in FDDS. It may effervescent or non-effervescent system. The drugs having narrow absorption window in GIT is good candidate for the floating drug delivery system. The main objective of writing this review article is to compile the recent literature with special focus on classification, method of preparation, mechanism of action advantages and disadvantages. Keywords: Floating drug delivery system, Sustained release, controlled release, Floating tablet, Evaluation, Application, Gastro-retentive drug delivery system.

IIIrd Generation Solar Cell

Light harvesting for generation of electric energy is one of the most important research topics in applied sciences. First, for an efficient harvesting one needs a material with a broad light absorption window having a strong overlap with the sunlight spectrum. Second, one needs an efficient conversion of photoexcited carriers into produced current or voltage which can be used for applied purposes. The maximum light conversion coefficient in semiconductor systems is designated by so called Shockley-Queisser law, which is around 32% for an optimal bandgap value of 1,2–1,3 eV. However the efficiency may be increased using a solutions based on semiconductor nano materials such as quantum dots. Solar cells based on such a structures are included in the group of 3rd generation solar sell. 3rd generation solar cell encompasses multiple materials as a base of cell, such as: perovskite, organic, polymers and biomimetics. The most promising and in the same time most discussed are quantum dots and perovskite. Both material has a potential to revolutionize the solar cell industry due to their wide absorption range and high conversion coefficient. Nonetheless before the most common used material in photovoltaic namely silicon is replace one must overcome few major issues such as: stability and lifetime for at least 5 to 10 years or more, manufacturing process for a large surfaces and low production cost as well as recycling after the time of optimal use.

USING THE BOX–BEHNKEN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRORETENTIVE MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF SIMVASTATIN BY SPRAY DRYING METHOD

Simvastatin is an antihyper-lipidemic drug which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, interrupting cholesterol synthesis. It is poorly water soluble drug having very low bioavailability (5%). It is having better absorption in upper gastro intestinal tract. Due to lower bioavailability and short biological half-life simvastatin is prescribed 2-3 times a day which leads to lower patient compliance. The aim of the present work was to prepare controlled release microspheres which and retained in the gastric area by adhering to the mucosal membrane for longer period of time. It was a also proposed to design and optimize the formulation and process parameters for preparation of gastroretentive simvastatin microspheres using spray drying technique. The major problem associated with oral drug delivery is ineffective absorption and low bioavailability because drugs having narrow absorption window. Simvastatin microspheres was prepared using polymer HPMC K4M as carrier polymer and Eudragit RSPO were prepared using spray drying technique. The in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive property of simvastatin microspheres was done on goat intestinal mucosa which showed strong mucoadhesion of 85% up to 6 hours. The in vitro drug release studies of microspheres were performed in 0.01 M sodium phosphate containing 0.5% SLS using syringe pump for 8 h.

Novel Strategies and Model Studies for Colon Targeted Drug Delivery

Background: Targeting drugs with controlled release characteristics to the colon is gaining importance for localized action as well as to improve the systemic availability of peptide and proteins. Aim: The present manuscript aims to describe the various approaches and model study for colon targeted drug delivery. Discussion: Drugs that have low absorption window are targeted into in the colonic regions using different novel technologies such as microparticulate system, prodrugs, pH and time dependent polymeric, effervescent and noneffervescent systems etc. Along with this it manuscript also describes the model study for colon targeting. Conclusion: Colon targeted drug delivery system offers the potential therapeutic benefits to patients in terms of both local and systemic treatment. These drugs can be directly targeted in the colon which helps in the reducing systemic side effects.